武汉上涉湖湿地资源现状及保护措施研究

上涉湖湿地湖区总面积4148hm2,是典型的淡水湖泊湖泛水沼泽湿地,属浅湖和沼泽湿地草甸相连续的湿地生态系统。湿地共有维管束植物581种、底栖动物29种、鱼类74种、兽类23种、鸟类111种。目前存在的主要问题是水域生境被人为阻隔、水生植物多样性降低、野生动物生存受到威胁等。在调查湿地现状的基础上,提出了湿地功能区划分建议。     

Constitutive nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis)

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of nitric oxide (NO), an important biological messenger from L-arginine. There are considerable evidence showing the expression of NOS in mammalian tissues. Information on distribution of NOS activities in various organs and tissues of fish is rare. Non-functional NOS activities were documented in fish semi-quantitatively either by an indirect nicotine-adenine-dinucleotide-phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) activity histochemical staining method or by an immunohistochemical method using a cross-reacting antibody to brain NOS. Report on the functional levels of NOS activities in fish is lacking. This report represent the first attempt to document the functional NOS levels in various fish organs and tissues. Constitutive NOS (cNOS) activities in various organs of big-head carp (Aristichthys nobilis) was measured by a chemiluminescence method with a detection limit as low as 10 mol of NO produced. It was found that constitutive NOS activity was highest in the brain, followed by the intestine, stomach, retina, olfactory lobe, swim bladder, skeletal muscle, heart, kidney, ovary and liver. NOS activity could not be detected in the gill filaments. Omission of NADPH in the reaction mixture caused a 57–100% decrease in cNOS activities. However, omission of arginine in the mixture only caused a 56–87% drop in cNOS activities. When compared with cNOS activities documented from other species, a similar pattern of cNOS activities in the various organs and tissues of big-head carp could be seen.     

Extracellular Polymeric Substances Produced by the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa gelatinosa: Characterization and Assessment of Their Antioxidant and Metal-Chelating Activities

Cyanobacteria, particularly thermophilic strains, represent an important potential source of EPSs, harboring structural complexity that predicts diverse and specific bioactive potential. The thermophilic cyanobacteria Gloeocapsa gelatinosa, isolated from a natural hot source in Ain Echfa (Tunisia), was cultivated in a cylindrical reactor, and the production of biomass and EPSs was investigated. Results revealed that the strain is amongst the most efficient EPSs producers (0.89 g L⁻¹) and that EPSs production was not correlated with the growth phase. EPSs were sulfated heteropolysaccharides containing carbohydrates (70%) based on nine different monosaccharides, mainly mannose (22%), and with the presence of two uronic acids. EPSs were formed by two polymers moieties with a molecular weight of 598.3 ± 7.2 and 67.2 ± 4.4 kDa. They are thermostable in temperatures exceeding 100 °C and have an anionic nature (zeta potential of −40 ± 2 mV). Atomic force microscopy showed that EPSs formed multimodal lumps with 88 nm maximum height. EPSs presented high water holding capacity (70.29 ± 2.36%) and solubility index (97.43 ± 1.24%), and a strong bivalent metal sorption capacity especially for Cu²⁺ (91.20 ± 1.25%) and Fe²⁺ (75.51 ± 0.71%). The antioxidant activity of G. gelatinosa EPSs was investigated using four methods: the β-carotene-bleaching activity, DPPH assays, iron-reducing activity, and metal-chelating activity. EPS has shown high potential as free radicals’ scavenger, with an IC₅₀ on DPPH (0.2 g L⁻¹) three-fold lower than ascorbic acid (0.6 g L ⁻¹) and as a metal chelating activity (IC₅₀ = 0.4 g L⁻¹) significantly lower than EDTA. The obtained results allow further exploration of the thermophilic G. gelatinosa for several biotechnological and industrial applications.     

A dynamic mass-balance model for marine protected areas

A modified Ecosim model was used to investigate the impact of establishing marine protected areas (MPAs) in ecosystems defined by existing Ecopath models. The impact of MPAs of various sizes was simulated, and changes in biomass and catch over a range of years observed. The response of biomass and catch to MPA size depended on the time period examined. For some ecosystem groups, the initial response was negative, but for all groups there were increases after 10 years. The greater the biomass exchange rate across the MPA boundary, the larger the MPA required to increase biomass levels. Within the range of exchange rates simulated, the maximum increases in catch and overall biomass levels were reached when 20% of the system was protected.     

直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度的有限元分析

针对采用传统经验公式分析计算齿轮泵齿轮接触强度存在计算过程相当复杂、繁琐,误差较大的问题.在分析齿轮受力情况基础上,采用有限元法对直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮接触强度进行计算,并与经验公式计算的接触强度进行比较分析.结果表明,两种方法计算结果基本吻合,证实了采用有限元法分析计算的可行性与优越性,为直线共轭内啮合齿轮泵齿轮的设计、选材提供了一种新的方法,具有一定的工程应用价值.     

Reproductive season and female maturity size of coconut crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Birgus latro</Emphasis> on Hatoma Island,southern Japan

Information about reproductive season, size at sexual maturity and size-dependent reproductive potentials is important for efficient resource management. Such information is necessary to determine seasonal closures and minimum legal size limits. To conserve resources of coconut crab Birgus latro, which are in danger of extinction due to excessive exploitation, their reproductive season, female size at functional maturity and relationship between female size and reproductive potentials were investigated. The reproductive season started in early June and ended late August, and females with higher reproductive potentials showed a tendency to spawn early in the reproductive season. The prohibition of exploiting the resources during the reproductive season, especially early in the season, would be appropriate for sustainability of high reproductive outputs. Fifty percent of investigated females matured functionally at 24.5-mm thoracic length (TL). However, the size at which all females reached functional maturity was 32.3 mm TL, and there was a wide variation in the size of functional maturity among individuals. We must determine minimum legal size by taking the variation into account to allow all individuals to mate at least once before they are caught, which may prevent serious depression in reproductive rate and genetic diversity.     

国外保护地生态旅游评价研究进展

保护地是世界生态旅游活动的主要场所,近年来,随着对生态研究的深入,国外有关保护地生态旅游评价的研究逐步增多。本文通过对相关文献的梳理,发现国外有关保护地生态旅游评价的研究可以概括为三方面：（1）保护地生态旅游评价原则与标准的探讨;（2）保护地生态旅游评价主体内容研究;（3）保护地生态旅游的评价方法与指标体系。综合来看,国外保护地生态旅游评价研究具有5方面显著特点值得国内学者学习和借鉴：（1）评价研究逐步深入;（2）多种方法综合应用;（3）强调一手资料的获取和使用;（4）重视社区在评价研究中的参与;（5）保护地生态旅游评价的根本指导思想为可持续发展理论。     

宁夏灌区春小麦源库演变规律的研究

为探讨宁夏灌区春小麦品种更替过程中源库的演替规律,以宁夏灌区四次更新的主栽春小麦品种和搭配品种及近年来的重要育成品种为对象,分析了源库指标及产量的变化。结果表明,随着品种的更替,宁夏灌区春小麦的源强从1953年以前的35.66 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1增加到了1995年以后的106.99 μmol CO₂·m^-2·s^-1,提高了3倍;库容由289.97 g·m^-2增加到554.18 g·m^-2,提高了1.91倍,经济系数从0.29增加到0.38。源库协同改良使得春小麦的产量逐年增加。生物产量的增加主要依赖于源指标的改善,而籽粒产量的增加需要改善源库综合指标。因此,实现宁夏灌区春小麦产量的突破,应在增库的基础上扩源,建立合理的群体,协调源库比,促进春小麦光合产物向库的运转。     

‘云香’水仙NtNAC1基因的克隆及功能分析

本研究利用RT-PCR技术从‘云香’水仙的根中克隆得到了NtNAC1基因,并通过qRT-PCR技术分析了该基因的时空表达模式以及在逆境和逆境相关激素处理下的表达变化,结合分析过表达该基因的转基因烟草植株的表现等解析了该基因的功能。结果显示:NtNAC1基因全长1083 bp,其ORF为918 bp,编码306个氨基酸,N端含有NAM保守结构域,聚分在SNAC1亚组,与香蕉MusaSNAC1、小麦TaNAC47亲缘关系较近。实时荧光定量分析显示,NtNAC1的表达水平随花器官花瓣和副冠的发育呈先上升后下降趋势,始花期达到峰值;NtNAC1在根和叶中高表达,受ABA、MeJA、SA、H_2O_2、NaCl、PEG诱导上调,推测该基因可能参与‘云香’水仙花器官的形态建成及响应非生物胁迫。进一步构建表达载体转化烟草,获得9株转基因植株。在高盐和干旱胁迫处理下,转基因植株根系发达、长势更好、存活率高,表明水仙NtNAC1过表达能提高烟草对高盐、干旱的耐受性,在抗逆中起正向调控作用,可作为提高水仙抗性的优良遗传基因资源。     

生态文明视野下欠发达地区小城镇规划设计探讨——以江西省吉水县水南镇为例

小城镇是我国农村经济发展和社会进步的重要载体,也是带动一定区域内农村经济社会发展的中心,随着目前城市化速度的快速发展和小城镇规模的增大,带来各式各样的生态环境问题.文章以党的十八大提出的建设生态文明为背景,分析了国内小城镇规划建设进程中遇到的问题,并以江西省吉水县水南镇为案例,从规模预测、生态集约用地布局、田园式景观生态格局、保护与更新人文生态等内容论述了规划建设生态型小城镇的策略.