蚯蚓脂肪及其在抗菌物理屏障中的作用

以赤子爱胜蚓(Eiseniafetida)为实验动物,采用室内培养方法,研究了细菌浸浴诱导对蚯蚓体内脂肪含量和脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)索氏抽提法不能从蚯蚓体腔液中获得脂肪,但是可从蚯蚓的组织中获得脂肪。(2)细菌诱导后,蚯蚓体内的脂肪含量增加0.81%(干物质基础),总脂中的脂肪酸含量均有所增加,其中硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸增加的幅度较大,分别增加了2.62%,1.58%和1.62%。(3)蚯蚓脂肪的抑菌作用具有选择性,对大肠杆菌的抑菌作用最强,抑菌圈直径为1.32cm;其次为绿脓杆菌,抑菌圈直径为0.97cm,但是对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用;大肠杆菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用增强,但是对大肠杆菌的抑制作用减弱。(4)蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1g·mL-1;对金黄色葡萄球菌没有抑菌作用。但在细菌诱导后,蚯蚓脂肪对大肠杆菌、绿脓杆菌及金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)分别为:0.05、0.1、0.1g·mL-1;(5)蚯蚓的抗菌物理屏障主要是体壁和消化道,而具有抑菌作用的蚯蚓脂肪也主要分布在这些组织中,因此蚯蚓的脂肪代谢在蚯蚓的生态免疫过程中发挥着重要作用。     

The intravenous bile Acid loading test in the goat: determination of a procedural protocol and reference values

An intravenous bile acid loading test was performed on 16 goats using various dosages and sampling protocols. A recently developed enzymatic bile acid assay provided an economical and technologically simple method for bile acid analysis. Intravenous injection of bile salts into goats was well tolerated. Clearance times were rapid. A protocol for performance of the test was suggested and a practical reference range for T 1/2 clearance of 4+/-1 minute was determined. Further investigations of this test in the assessment of liver function in the ruminant appear warranted.     

不同地表覆盖方式对胡杨幼苗光合特性的影响及评价

为筛选对胡杨幼苗生长有效的地表覆盖物。以1年生胡杨幼苗为试材,设置覆膜(T1)、覆草苫子(T2)、覆沙(T3)和裸地(CK)共4种处理,利用相关性分析和隶属函数值法全面评价3种地表覆盖物对植株产生的效果。结果表明:T1、T2、T3处理均显著提高了不同月份的土壤含水率(P<0.05),平均土壤含水率较CK分别提高了26.1%、27.9%和23.5%;各覆盖均显著提高了成活率、株高及地径的生长,T2增长幅度最大;各覆盖均显著提高了叶片净光合速率(P n)、气孔导度(G s)、蒸腾速率(T r)(P<0.05),生长初期T1值最大,生长中后期T2值最大;T2处理的最大净光合速率(P max)、光饱和点(L SP)最大,光补偿点(L CP)和暗呼吸速率(R d)最低;各覆盖对水分利用效率(W UE)和表观量子效率(A QY)影响较小;植株生长与土壤含水率、P n、G s、P max、L SP呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),综合效果由强到弱顺序为T2、T3、T1、CK。覆草苫子较适宜在胡杨幼苗栽植过程中应用推广。     

城市森林生态服务功能价值评估研究进展

城市森林是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估是当前城市林业的研究热点,对城市的可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。回顾了城市森林的概念及其发展历程,详细讨论了城市森林生态系统服务功能的内涵、框架体系及其价值评估研究进展,并比较分析了各项服务功能的不同价值评估方法及相关研究情况,最后提出了城市森林生态系统服务功能价值评估研究的未来方向。     

中草药添加剂对育肥猪免疫功能的影响

[目的]研究中草药添加剂饲喂育肥猪(巴克夏×梅山猪)免疫功能的影响。[方法]选取48头体重40 kg健康巴梅猪随机分为对照组和3个试验组。分别采集30、60和90 d血样,检测血清中总蛋白、白蛋白、免疫球蛋白Ig G、Ig M和补体C3水平。屠宰后对免疫器官进行病理组织学检查,并进行组织切片观察。[结果]添加中草药试验组和对照组在总蛋白水平上差异不显著;试验Ⅰ组白蛋白水平在第30天显著高于对照组(P0.05);试验Ⅱ组血清中Ig G水平在第30天显著高于对照组(P0.05);Ⅱ组血清中Ig M水平在第60天显著低于对照组(P0.05),90 d极显著低于对照组(P0.01);C3补体试验组在第30天水平均显著高于对照组(P0.05)。屠宰组织器官观察和组织学切片观察均无明显差异。[结论]中草药饲料添加剂能够促进育肥猪的免疫功能。     

BIOLOG在土壤微生物群落功能多样性研究中的应用

目的研究海南热带地区典型植被类型土壤微生物群落结构特征,揭示植被特征和土壤理化特征对土壤微生物群落的影响。方法利用 BIOLOG-ECO 技术,对海南热带地区6种典型植被类型的土壤微生物功能多样性进行研究。结果不同植被类型土壤微生物的平均每孔颜色变化率(average well color development,AWCD)曲线基本一致,但碳源利用能力强弱有别。不同植被类型土壤192 h处的AWCD值大小顺序为：混交林>半红树林>次生林>椰子林>湿加松林>木麻黄林。不同林分类型对六大类主要的碳源利用率存在差异,混交林、半红树林、次生林和椰子林4种植被类型对碳水化合物、氨基酸类和多聚物的利用率最高,而木麻黄林和湿加松人工纯林土壤微生物对六大类碳源的利用率均不高,其中氨基酸类和羧酸类碳源是这2种人工纯林主要碳源利用形式。不同植被土壤微生物McIntosh指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和Pielou指数也表现为混交林、半红树林和次生林高于人工纯林。主成分分析表明：不同植被类型土壤微生物群落代谢多样性能够明显区分,其中PC1可以解释所有变量方差的47.32%, PC2可以解释所有变量方差的31.58%,累计贡献达到78.90%。相关性分析表明：土壤微生物群落多样性各指标与土壤有机碳和全氮之间呈极显著正相关 (P<0.01),与土壤pH呈负相关,与土壤含水量呈显著正相关 (P<0.05)。结论相比纯林,人工混交林对于改善土壤微生物群落特征具有重要作用。     

基于C—D生产函数的绿色食品产业发展方式转变的内在机理与实证

产业发展方式转变与产业发展阶段紧密相关,是产业结构优化与产业可持续发展的必然要求和根本途径。在构建产业发展方式转变逻辑分析模型的基础上,利用C—D生产函数对绿色食品产业发展方式进行判定,实证分析揭示绿色食品产业发展方式仍以粗放型规模扩张为主要特征。进而结合绿色食品产业发展的阶段特征与现实基础条件,提出促进产业发展方式转变、产业结构优化升级和产业发展的政策措施,为制定符合生命周期阶段要求的产业规划和产业政策提供科学的决策依据。     

Do fathead minnows,Pimephales promelas Rafinesque,alter their club cell investment in responses to variable risk of infection from Saprolegnia?

Fish in the Superorder Ostariophysi possess large epidermal club cells that release chemical cues warning nearby conspecifics of danger. Despite the long‐held assumption that such club cells evolved under the selective force of predation, recent studies demonstrated that predation has no effect on club cell investment. Rather, club cells have an immune function and cell production may be stimulated by skin‐penetrating pathogens and parasites. The current work investigates whether fathead minnows, Pimephales promelas, alter their club cell characteristics based on variation in infection risk. In a 2 × 3 design, we exposed minnows to infective cysts of two oomycete species (Saprolegnia ferax and S. parasitica) at three different concentrations (2, 20 or 200 cysts L^?1). Club cell characteristics (number and size) were quantified 12 days after exposure. Saprolegnia parasitica is thought to be more pathogenic than S. ferax, hence we predicted greater club cell investment and a larger turnover rate of cells by minnows exposed to S. parasitica than S. ferax. We also predicted that minnows exposed to higher numbers of cysts should invest more in club cells and have a higher turnover rate of cells. We found no difference in club cell density or size between fish exposed to the two Saprolegnia species; however, fish exposed to high concentrations of pathogens had smaller club cells than those exposed to low concentrations, indicating a higher rate of turnover of cells in the epidermis.     

虾夷马粪海胆体腔细胞的类型及功能

取平均壳径分别为1．9cm和4．4cm虾夷马粪海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)进行实验观察。结果表明，海胆体腔有2种类型的细胞，即变形吞噬细胞和色素细胞。变形吞噬细胞形状不定，能伸出伪足，核较大，线粒体、溶酶体等细胞器丰富。色素细胞具突起，内有紫红色颗粒，颗粒溶于酒精等多种溶剂中，使得电镜下细胞内含有大量空泡，细胞核很少见，细胞器较少。变形细胞离体后可凝集，具吞噬酵母的能力，吞噬能力与温度成正相关。色素细胞具有辅助的免疫功能。     

Effect of Diets Supplemented with Soybean,Flaxseed, or Menhaden Fish Oil on the Growth,Feed Utilization,Immune Status,and Sensory Properties of Channel Catfish in a Recirculating System at 22°C

Channel catfish feed intake and growth decline with temperature, but different dietary lipids might sustain performance during cool weather. Catfish at a suboptimal temperature (22°C) were fed 32% protein commercial floating pellets supplemented with 2% soybean oil (SBO), menhaden oil (MFO), or flaxseed oil (FLX). After 12 weeks, fish were counted and weighed, then health assays and proximate and fatty acid analysis of fillets were conducted. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and survival were similar among treatments, indicating limited potential of different lipids to improve growth at low temperatures. However, the favorable feed conversion ratios (FCRs; ≤1.6) indicated that feeding at 22°C was worthwhile to maintain good condition of catfish. Across diets, the unsaturated fatty acids in muscle lipids increased. The FLX and MFO both increased the n-3 HUFA in the fillet, but FLX was less effective. Unfortunately, both FLX and MFO reduced sensory properties of the fillet relative to the SBO control.