基于网络药理学分析白头翁汤治疗猪腹泻的作用机制

试验利用网络药理学研究方法尝试揭示白头翁汤治疗猪腹泻的活性成分、作用靶点及其基因功能、信号通路的机制。首先在中药系统药理学分析数据库中检索白头翁汤的所有化学成分、作用靶点,进而利用STRING、DAVID、NCBI数据库,Cytoscape软件构建化合物-靶点网络、蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用（PPI）网络、靶点-通路网络,研究白头翁汤治疗猪腹泻的作用机制。通过化合物的口服利用度和类药性筛选得出白头翁汤11个活性化合物,化合物-靶点网络结果显示,11个活性化合物含有63个相应靶点;白头翁汤作用于猪腹泻的PPI网络图包含45个靶点,主要靶点是雌激素受体1（estrogen receptor,ESR1）、CREB结合蛋白（CREB binding protein,CREBBP）、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶1（mitogen-activated protein kinase 1,MAPK1）、雄激素受体（androgen receptor,AR）等,与猪腹泻靶点基因直接相关的靶点是拓扑异构酶Ⅱβ（DNA topoisomerase Ⅱ,TOP2B）、ESR1、ESR2、糖皮质激素受体（glucocorticoid receptor,NR3C1）、AR和细胞核受体共激活剂2（nuclear receptor coactivator 2,NCOA2）;白头翁汤-猪腹泻PPI网络图关键靶点GO富集条目为5个,其中生物过程、分子功能、细胞组成相关的条目分别有3、1、1个;白头翁汤作用于猪腹泻PPI网络图KEGG信号通路有1条。白头翁汤可能主要通过金鱼草素、掌叶防己碱、8-异戊烯基二氢茆酚-7-葡糖苷、延胡索乙素、足叶草脂素、黄麻苷和8-羟基松脂醇等调控TOP2B、ESR1、ESR2、NR3C1、AR和NCOA2等靶点,基因功能富集于磷脂酶C激活G蛋白偶联受体信号通路、腺苷酸环化酶激活肾上腺素能受体信号通路、DNA模板转录、类固醇结合、细胞膜的组成部分,以及通过KEGG信号通路中神经活性的配体-受体相互作用信号通路来治疗猪腹泻。     

行内疏枝和生长延缓剂对紫花苜蓿种子产量与发芽率的影响

针对紫花苜蓿种子生产中因播种量高、密度大、造成种子产量低的问题。2001～2002年,在甘肃酒泉进行行内疏枝与生长延缓剂(多效唑(PP333)和烯效唑(S3307))对种子产量影响的两个试验,并测定种子标准发芽率。结果表明,与未疏枝相比,秋季行内疏枝后,生殖枝密度和荚果的败育种子数降低23.8%和55.6%,生殖枝结荚花序数提高28.1%,种子产量由563.8提高到763.3kg/hm²,增产35.4%(P<0.05);秋季行内疏枝,翌年分枝期叶面喷施多效唑和烯效唑可以有效抑制植株生长,其中以烯效唑有效成分含量0.15和0.20kg/hm²的效果较为明显,收获期株高较对照分别降低19.4%和17.8%,而每个结荚花序的荚果数提高16.5%和25.3%(P<0.05)。与对照(640.4kg/hm²)相比,喷施多效唑和烯效唑后,种子呈增产趋势,其中多效唑(有效成分含量1.0kg/hm²)幅度最大,增产39.1%;烯效唑0.15和0.20kg/hm²处理,种子硬实率较对照分别降低7%和6%;烯效唑有效成分含量0.10kg/hm²处理,硬实率较对照提高7%(P<0.05);对于植株密度过大的种子田,行内疏枝是提高产量的关键,否则只用生长延缓剂控制株高,提高种子产量的幅度不大。     

儿茶素的药理作用研究综述

目的研究表儿茶素(EC)对小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)炎症反应的调节作用。方法采用吸入式气管滴注法在BALB/c小鼠中建立ALI模型,H8LE染色观察肺组织病理学变化,并结合基于超高效液相色谱与四极杆—飞行时间质谱联用技术(HILIC UHPLC-Q-TOF MS)的非靶向代谢组学方法对小鼠肺组织进行研究。结果对比空白对照组,LPS处理后的小鼠肺组织发生严重的炎症变化,而EC预处理组炎症现象比LPS组轻。经肺组织代谢轮廓分析发现：二十羟基花生四烯酸、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸、ATP、磷酸胆碱、二十碳四烯酸、磷酸、烯醇和二磷酸葡萄糖等差异物与小鼠急性肺损伤内源性代谢密切相关,且涉及甘油酯代谢、糖酵解、甘油磷脂代谢、苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成、抗坏血酸代谢和胆碱代谢等6条代谢路径。结论运用代谢组学方法探讨了EC干预小鼠ALI的差异代谢物变化情况,为表儿茶素抗炎特性的研究提供了理论依据。     

Estimating “autotrophic” belowground respiration in spruce and beech forests: decreases following girdling

Seasonal fluxes of CO₂ from soil and the contribution of autotrophic (root + mycorrhizal) to total soil respiration (SR) were estimated for a mixed stand of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) in Central Europe. Mature trees of each species were girdled in August 2002 to eliminate carbohydrate allocation to roots. SR was measured at distances of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5/2.0 m from the bole of each tree at 1–2 weeks intervals throughout the fall of 2002 and monthly during the spring and summer of 2003. The contribution of roots and mycorrhizae to total SR was estimated by the decrease in SR compared to ungirdled control trees to account for seasonal patterns evident in controls. SR decreased with soil temperature in the fall 2002 and increased again in 2003 as soil warmed. During most of the study period, SR was strongly related to soil temperature. During the dry summer of 2003, however, SR appeared to be uncoupled from temperature and was strongly related to soil water content (SWC). Mean rates of SR in beech and spruce control plots as well as root densities did not show a clear pattern with distance from the bole. SR decreased to levels below controls in beech within a few days after girdling, whereas spruce did not show a significant decrease until October 2002, 6 weeks after girdling. In both beech and spruce, decreased SR in response to girdling was greatest closest to the bole, possibly reflecting increased mycorrhizal activity close to the bole. Autotrophic respiration was estimated in beech to be as much as 50% of the total SR in the stand. The contribution of autotrophic respiration was less certain for spruce, although close to the bole, the autotrophic fraction may contribute to total SR as much as in beech. The large fraction of autotrophic respiration in total SR requires better understanding of tree level stresses that affect carbon allocation below ground.     

Environmental persistence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxin in soil around hardstand 7 at eglin air force base,Florida

Background and Goal  A number of global events have generated intense scientific scrutiny and public concern of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (dioxin). DIoxins have been associated with a range of adverse health effects. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is recognized as among the most dangerous of the dioxin compounds, and was a contaminant found In one of the herbicides used for vegetation control during the Vietnam conflict: Agent Orange. As a result of purging spray systems and leaking drums of Agent Orange concentrate, TCDD contamination occurred in the soils surrounding Hardstand 7 at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. This research uses a multimedia model to estimate the TCDD concentrations in surface soil around Hardstand 7 for a 70-year time Interval beginning with observed surface soil concentrations 1984. Methods  Hardstand 7 is a nearly 40-m circular concrete and asphalt aircraft parking area. The hardstand was used as a staging area for spraying equipment used to disseminate herbicide In a test area called C-52A within EAFB. Concentrated herbicide was also stored in 208-L barrels for use with the equipment, and later, for disposal. In 1984, a field investigation characterized the extent of TCDD contamination in surface soils around Hardstand 7 using a radial sampling protocol. The 1984 observed concentrations and locations was used in a multimedia model, CalTOX, as an initial source term concentrations and locations to estimate expected concentrations during the subsequent 70-years. Results  The results indicate that more than 94% of the TCDD observed in surface soils 1984 will remain after a 70-year period. Access restrictions and remediation activities at the site eliminate bar verification of the CalTOX estimates. Conclusions. TCDD is highly persistent in the soil medium and natural attenuation may not produce a significant decrease In soil concentrations. Recommendation  Active remediation actions may be required to prevent exposure to TCDD contamination surface soils. Verifying CalTOX concentration estimates an Important step that should be performed, however, the, model provides an easy to use tool to estimate TCDD surface soil contamination at herbicide storage or dispersion staging sites.     

Dormancy Characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ and Effects of Spraying 6-benzyladenine on Its Germination and Flowering in Long-day Treatment

[Objective] The dormancy characteristics of Malus ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were studied, and 6-BA was used to break the dormancy, with the aim to achieve the purpose of flowering in autumn. [Method] The new shoots of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment were conducted with hydroponics to investigate their dormancy time. And cytokinin 6-benzyladenine(6-BA)was used to treat the dormant shoots, to investigate the budding, flowering and flower bud differentiation. [Result] The shoots in long-day treatment entered endodormancy after August 7~(th) and the shoots in the natural daylight entered endodormancy before July 18~(th). In long-day treatment, 116 buds, 198 flowers were observed after 6-BA spraying. [Conclusion] The optimum concentration of 6-BA was 300 mg/L. And the flower bud differentiation of ‘Snowdrift’ in long-day treatment was faster than those in natural daylight after 6-BA spraying.     

棉铃疫病潜伏侵染的研究

分离试验确证,存在于抗病阶段棉铃上限制性褐色坏死病组织中,疫病菌并不完全失活,说明该病菌存在潜伏侵染.州铃的抗病性表现在抗扩展上.棉铃的抗病性与其发育阶段和环境条件密切相关.花后35天以上的棉铃感病,而花后25天以前的幼铃高度抗病.初步认为,疫病菌侵染后诱导发生的病变特别是酮溶性植物抗毒素的累积,是病菌潜伏侵染及棉铃阶段抗病性的重要机制.高湿等极端环境能诱发抗病阶段的幼铃高度感病.     

Turbidity‐induced changes in emergent effects of multiple predators with different foraging strategies

Abstract – In natural systems, prey frequently interact with multiple predators and the outcome often cannot be predicted by summing the effects of individual predator species. Multiple predator interactions can create emergent effects for prey, but how those change across environmental gradients is poorly understood. Turbidity is an environmental factor in aquatic systems that may influence multiple predator effects on prey. Interactions between a cruising predator (largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) and an ambush predator (muskellunge Esox masquinongy) and their combination foraging on a shared prey (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus) were examined across a turbidity gradient. Turbidity modified multiple predator effects on prey. In clear water, combined predators consumed in total more prey than expected from individual predator treatments, suggesting risk enhancement for prey. In moderately turbid water, the predators consumed fewer prey together than expected, suggesting a risk reduction for prey. At high turbidity, there were no apparent emergent effects; however, the cruising predator consumed more prey than the ambush predator, suggesting an advantage for this predator. Understanding multiple predator traits across a gradient of turbidity increases our understanding of how complex natural systems function.     

中间偃麦草、长穗偃麦草及其杂种F1代同工酶研究

通过对过氧化物酶(POD)、酯酶(EST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)同工酶谱的分析,探讨中间偃麦草(Elytrigia elongata(Host)Nevski)、长穗偃麦草(E.intermedia(Host)Nevski)及其杂种F₁代的酶谱特征和亲缘关系。结果表明:亲本同工酶酶带数目、迁移率、着色程度等差异不大,二者亲缘关系较近。与亲本相比,杂种F₁代存在POD、SOD、PPO酶带丢失现象,但正、反交植株中均产生了一些亲本没有的新生带。杂种F₁代EST酶谱与亲本基本相同,仅着色程度略有差异。杂种F₁代植株的POD、PPO酶谱特征有偏向中间偃麦草的倾向,而SOD酶谱特征倾向于长穗偃麦草。杂种F₁代同工酶具有多态性,可作为遗传标记用于杂种鉴定和后代株系目标性状的选择。     

聚丙烯酸钠对黄土坡面产流产沙的影响研究

通过野外模拟降雨试验,研究了施用SP对黄土坡面产流、产沙的影响,并对实验数据进行数学模拟,建立了SP施用量与产流、产沙强度间的关系模型.结果表明:SP施用量与产流时间、平均产流强度呈二次函数相关关系,与产沙强度呈线性负相关关系.SP用量在0～2.42 g/m\+2之间时,能够延缓坡面产流,用量为1.21 g/m\+2时延缓产流效果最明显;用量介于0～3.31 g/m2之间时,能够增加土壤入渗,减少坡面产流量,用量1.65 g/m2的增渗减流效果最佳;施用SP后,能够减少坡面输沙强度,且用量越大,减沙效果越明显.SP可影响坡面产流过程,用量1.8 g/m2时,能够减小产流初期径流强度增幅,用量为3.6 g/m2时,其产流过程线与对照极接近,而施用量增加到5.4 g/m2时,产流强度明显增大.SP对坡面产沙过程的影响表现为:随施用量增大,产沙强度峰值呈逐步减小的变化趋势.