微波干燥对西兰花不同部位萝卜硫素含量的影响

以西兰花为原料,采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定西兰花的花、茎和叶3个不同部位的萝卜硫素含量,对比分析了微波干燥（微波功率900 W,时间10 min）和电热鼓风干燥（干燥温度90 ℃,时间2 h）两种脱水方式所得样品中萝卜硫素含量的差异,研究了微波干燥对西兰花中萝卜硫素含量的影响。结果表明：微波干燥西兰花不同部位的萝卜硫素含量由大至小顺序为茎、花、叶,分别为（152.50±0.27）、（82.75±1.28）和（23.72±0.18）mg/kg,西兰花茎中的萝卜硫素含量分别是花和叶中的2倍左右和7倍左右;电热鼓风干燥西兰花不同部位的萝卜硫素含量同样是茎中最高,为（156.32±1.37）mg/kg,花和叶中分别为（85.04±1.13）mg/kg和（53.26±2.78）mg/kg。微波干燥与电热鼓风干燥相比,对西兰花叶中的萝卜硫素含量影响较大,对茎和花的影响不大。西兰花叶子宜采用电热鼓风干燥,茎和花既可以采用微波干燥,也可以采用电热鼓风干燥。     

Influence of flow-equilibrating device on purification of flue gas from MSW incineration

The influences of flow-equilibrating device on flue gas purification by spray drying are studied numerically with RNG k-ε turbulent model and stochastic droplet track model. The effects of flow-equilibrating device on flue gas streamline, droplets distribution, internal resistance, adhering ratio and purification efficiency are investigated. The flow field is more uniform and symmetrical after the flow equalization plate is added. The internal resistance decreases gradually with increasing diameter of the opening area of flow equalization plate. The percentage of droplet adhering on the wall is first increased, and then decreased when opening area diameter increases from 0.2 to 0.7 m. The maximum value reaches 38.2% when the diameter equals to 0.4 m. The purification efficiency for SO2 and HCl has increased after the plate is added. The desulphurization efficiency increases from 60.25% to 68.56%. HCl removal efficiency increases from 93.73% to 97.62%. The results can provide theoretical basis for flue gas purifying system optimization and parameters selection.     

Effects of Salinity and Soil–Drying on Radiation Use Efficiency,Water Productivity and Yield of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)

Drought and salinity reduce crop productivity especially in arid and semi‐arid regions, and finding a crop which produces yield under these adverse conditions is therefore very important. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is such a crop. Hence, a study was conducted in field lysimeters to investigate the effect of salinity and soil–drying on radiation use efficiency, yield and water productivity of quinoa. Quinoa was exposed to five salinity levels (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 dS m^?1) of irrigation water from flower initiation onwards. During the seed‐filling phase the five salinity levels were divided between two levels of irrigation, either full irrigation (FI; 95 % of field capacity) or non‐irrigated progressive drought (PD). The intercepted photosynthetically active radiation was hardly affected by salinity (8 % decrease at 40 dS m^?1) and did not differ significantly between FI and PD. Radiation use efficiency of dry matter was similar between salinity levels and between FI and PD. In line with this, no negative effect of severe salinity and soil–drying on total dry matter could be detected. Salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1 significantly reduced the seed yield by ca. 33 % compared with 0 dS m^?1 treatment owing to a 15–30 % reduction in seed number per m², whereas the seed yield of PD was 8 % less than FI. Consequently, nitrogen harvested in seed was decreased by salinity although the total N‐uptake was increased. Both salinity and drought increased the water productivity of dry matter. Increasing salinity from 20 to 40 dS m^?1 did not further decrease the seed number per m² and seed yield, which shows that quinoa (cv. Titicaca) acclimated to saline conditions when exposed to salinity levels between 20 and 40 dS m^?1.     

Differences between wheat genotypes in damage from freezing temperatures during reproductive growth

Cereal crops in the reproductive stage of growth are considerably more susceptible to injury from freezing temperatures than during their vegetative growth stage in the fall. While damage resulting from spring-freeze events has been documented, information on genotypic differences in tolerance to spring-freezes is scarce. Ninety wheat genotypes were subjected to a simulated spring-freeze at the mid-boot growth stage under controlled conditions. Spring-freeze tolerance was evaluated as the number of seeds per head at maturity after plants were frozen at −6 °C. Plants that froze, as confirmed by infrared (IR) thermography, died shortly after thawing and consequently the heads did not mature. Only in plants that had no visible freezing (super-cooled) were heads able to reach maturity and produce seeds. In plants that super-cooled four genotypes had significantly higher seed counts after being exposed to freezing than three with the lowest. In addition, significant differences between genotypes were found in whole plant survival among those that had frozen. Genotypes with high whole-plant freezing survival were not necessarily the same as the super-cooled plants with the highest seed counts. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with maturity suggesting that improvement in freezing tolerance could be selected for without affecting heading date. Spring-freeze tolerance was not correlated with freezing tolerance of genotypes of plants in a vegetative state, either under non-acclimated or cold-acclimated conditions indicating that vegetative freezing tolerance is not a good predictor of spring-freeze tolerance.     

基于 Polysun 5太阳能干燥系统的设计与仿真

利用太阳能对农副产品进行干燥,是太阳能热利用的方式之一。其与自然晾晒相比,能有效地提高干燥效率和干燥品质;与常规热风干燥相比,可以有效节省煤电的消耗,减少温室气体的排放量。为此,首先利用传热学相关理论对枸杞干燥过程进行理论计算;然后,根据得到的基础数据,利用Polysun 5辅助设计一种满足枸杞干燥需要的太阳能-燃气锅炉组合干燥系统;最后,对该系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果证明,与常规热风干燥系统相比,该太阳能组合干燥系统在1个干燥周期内,可减少二氧化碳排放28．22kg,节省能源费用180元,节电390kW· h,经济性较好。     

不同热风温度对板椒连续式干燥特性的实验研究

在连续式辣椒干燥机上进行了板椒干燥实验,研究热风温度对辣椒干燥规律的影响,达到保持辣椒干燥品质、提高干燥速率、减少干燥时间、节省干燥成本的目的。通过改变干燥机中循环热风的温度,测量不同时段辣椒的质量、色泽等参数,分析不同热风温度下辣椒的色泽、干燥的均匀性和干燥速率的变化特点。实验结果表明：随着热风温度的升高,辣椒的干燥速率逐渐加快,表面的明度与红色度逐步升高,而干燥的均匀性则逐渐降低。综合考虑辣椒的干燥效率和干燥品质,热风温度采用65℃辣椒能够保证辣椒良好的色泽和均匀性,并能达到较好的干燥速率。     

红枣制干技术现状分析与展望

对自然晾晒法、烘房制干法、干燥机制干法、太阳能制干法、真空冷冻制干法、微波制干法以及红外辐射制干法等现有的主要红枣制干技术进行了分析与评价;以新疆南疆地区红枣加工企业的“两级”干燥模式为代表,分析了红枣干燥加工模式现状;最后,针对主流红枣烘房制干技术的问题与不足,对红枣制干技术的发展与研究方向进行了展望。     

五味子热风干燥特性及数学模型

利用循环热风干燥装置对五味子热风干燥进行了研究,通过多种不同干燥条件的试验,获得五味子的干燥特性曲线。试验表明:在热风温度为60℃、热风风速为0.3m/s、铺料密度为15kg/m2时干燥效果较佳。通过对基于不同方程建立的3个干燥模型进行了比较,确立了基于Page方程的五味子热风干燥模型。该干燥模型可以为五味子热风干燥过程的设计和操作提供可靠的理论依据。     

加入WTO后我国农产品干燥产业的发展趋势

加入WTO后，我国的农产品干燥行业既面临着竞争力极强的国际大公司的挑战，又面临着市场容量扩大，充分利用后发优势赶超国际先进技术和管理方式的机遇。国内干燥企业应转变观念，调整产业结构和市场结构，进行市场整合，提高技术和服务水平，增强国际竞争力。政府应加强对农业服务体系的扶持，引进外资项目，促进干燥行业的发展。     

银杏果热风干燥工艺参数响应面法优化

利用自制的热风干燥在线测试装置,对银杏果的热风干燥进行了试验研究,探讨了热风温度、热风速度及装载量对含水率、干燥速率的影响,通过响应面分析和逐步逼近法分析了热风温度、热风速度及装载量与干燥过程平均能耗、平均干燥速率、蛋白质保存率以及干燥后的感官品质之间的关系,建立了二次回归数学模型。并利用函数期望优化方法进行了多目标函数优化,确定了银杏果热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明,银杏果热风干燥过程中加速过程不明显,主要集中在恒速和降速的干燥阶段。其最佳工艺参数组合为:热风温度68℃、热风速度1.15 m/s、装载量15.58 kg/m2。此时平均能耗为11.86 kW.h/kg、平均干燥速率为9.77%/h、蛋白质保存率为90.30%、感官评分为8.57分。