不同根系构型草本与灌木复合对土壤饱和导水率的影响因素分析及模拟

[目的] 探究不同根系构型草本与灌木复合时的根土性质的差异对土壤饱和导水率的影响,并综合考虑根系和土壤性质建立估算土壤饱和导水率的经验方程,为黄土高原植被恢复后的水文模型建立提供理论参考。[方法] 选取不同根系构型草本与灌木的混合样地,分别为柠条锦鸡儿加冰草(须根系)和柠条锦鸡儿加铁杆蒿(直根系)。采用双环刀法测定不同样地土壤饱和导水率。[结果] 样地类型和土层深度对土壤饱和导水率的影响达到显著水平,两者对土壤饱和导水率影响的因子贡献率分别为26%和52%。直根系铁杆蒿与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地的土壤饱和导水率高于须根系冰草与柠条锦鸡儿混合样地,并且不同样地的土壤饱和导水率随土层深度的增加均表现出降低的趋势。根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重能够较好地模拟土壤饱和导水率,其拟合精度R²可以达到0.86。[结论] 直根系草本与灌木复合时较须根系草本与灌木复合相比具有更高的饱和导水率。在不同样地中,根长密度、团聚体以及土壤容重是影响饱和导水率的主要因素。     

黄土区草被生长过程中土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的关系

采用室内盆栽与原状土冲刷相结合的方法,设置了裸地对照(CK)、低种植密度黑麦草(H1)和高种植密度黑麦草(H2)3种处理,对3种处理在不同生长阶段的土壤理化性质和根系变化进行研究,分析了黄土区草被生长过程中土壤抗冲性及其与影响因素的相关关系。结果表明:(1)处理CK的容重、有机质含量和水稳性团聚体在4个生长阶段波动变化,但变化范围较小;随生长周期的延长,H1和H2处理的土壤容重呈下降趋势,有机质含量、水稳性团聚体、根表面积密度(RSAD,root surface area density)和根生物量密度(RWD,root weight density)呈增加趋势;在4个生长阶段,H1和H2处理各根径的RSAD表现为随根系径级的增大而减小。(2)CK和H2处理的土壤抗冲指数(ASI,anti-scourability index)在4个生长阶段无显著性变化;H1处理的ASI随生长时间的延长表现为逐渐增加的趋势,且在第16周,对ASI的影响最显著。(3)ASI与土壤容重呈幂函数递减关系,与有机质含量、水稳性团聚体呈幂函数递增关系,与RSAD、RWD之间均呈指数递增函数关系。(4)ASI与容重、水稳性团聚体、1.0~2.0,2.0~5.0,5mm径级的RSAD之间均无显著差异,与有机质含量、RSAD及RWD呈显著正相关(p0.05),与1mm径级的RSAD呈极显著正相关(p0.01)。     

砂壤黄土比水容量对土壤容重变异敏感性分析

基于砂壤黄土的室内土壤水分特征曲线系列试验,讨论了砂壤黄土比水容量对Gardner经验模型的适用性,重点分析Gardner经验模型参数对土壤容重变化的敏感性。试验结果表明:Gardner比水容量经验模型对砂壤黄土具有很好的适用性,拟合的决定系数R2均达到0.97以上,具有较好的拟合效果;在低吸力段,比水容量随着土壤干容重的增大而增大,增幅明显;在中、高吸力段,比水容量随着土壤干容重的增大而趋于平缓,因此砂壤黄土容重变异对比水容量的影响主要集中于低吸力段;表征比水容量的Gardner经验模型的两个参数A和B中,参数A的敏感度mA远大于参数B的敏感度mB,土壤容重变异是参数A的敏感因素,参数B的非敏感因素,比水容量曲线参数A、B均与容重变异同方向变化。     

Algorithm Derivation of Winter Facies Wind Protection of Shelterbelts Structural Parameters and Wind Permeability Coefficient

To solve the problem in the absence of permeability algorithm in China’s forestry industry standard "Technical Specification for Oasis Shelter Belt Construction(LY/T 1682—2006)",by defining and calculating the forest structural parameters-porosityβ,stumpage surface porosity S",stumpage volume porosity V’,aboveground surface area density C,aboveground bulk density W,the relations among these structural parameters and their relations with wind permeability coefficientα,shelterbelt width D and mean diameter of branch d were calculated,which is expressed as:W=V’/D=dC/4 =dS’/4D=-πdlnβ/4D = -0.1πZdlnα/D.It is proofed that the main structural parameters have homogeneity and different structural parameters are of inheritance and consistency on the nature,there is no exclusivity in the strict sense,and is convertible under certain conditions,which is convenient for evaluating the wind-resistance effect of shelterbelt. A set of computational formulas for wind effect evaluation of farmland shelterbelt in dry and sandy area in northern China is derived.     

添加阻燃剂对三层实木复合地板生产工艺的影响

以三层实木复合地板为对象,探讨阻燃剂对其生产工艺的影响,结果表明:芯板、背板浸渍阻燃剂时,单板的增重率随着浸渍时间的延长而增加,当浸渍时间超过30 min后,增重率增加不明显;随着阻燃剂施加量增加氧指数增大,含水率、静曲强度随着施加量增加而降低;含水率、静曲强度、甲醛释放量和氧指数随着涂胶量的增加而增大;热压温度和热压时间对含水率、静曲强度、甲醛释放量和氧指数影响不明显。最佳热压工艺条件为:阻燃剂施加量8%,涂胶量360g·m-2,热压温度120℃,热压时间12 min。     

刨花板表面粉末涂饰初探

采用砂光、涂白胶和涂导电漆等不同表面处理方式处理刨花板基材,综合考虑上粉量及涂膜性能,获得刨花板基材表面处理的较佳方法.试验表明,刨花板表面处理较佳方式是涂导电漆,其次是砂光处理,最后是涂白胶.涂导电漆处理的刨花板基材,粉末涂饰的固化条件为160 ℃下烘干10 min.固化后的粉末涂层性能为:涂膜附着力1级,硬度4H,具有较好的耐水性.     

Changes of key soil parameters five years after forest harvesting suggest slow regeneration of disturbed soil

Forest soil is susceptible to changes in its top layers. These changes occur during ground-based forest harvesting and the rate of soil regeneration depends on the environmental conditions and the extent of the disturbance. This paper was focused on analyzing the changes of soil characteristics such as the depth of the erosion profile, bulk density of soil, its penetration resistance, and the subsurface concentration of CO₂ in soils five years after forest harvesting. The study took place in four forest stands harvested by a skidder and a harvester/forwarder combination. Statistical analyses did not prove significant changes of the characteristics of the disturbed soil after the five-year period without machine traffic: the profile depth did not change significantly, except for one stand, where the ruts became deeper. Other characteristics, such as the bulk density of soil also did not show any significant regeneration (1.29–1.36 g cm^?3 in the rut; initial measurements versus 1.34–1.38 g cm^?3 in the rut; repeated measurements). The penetration resistance, as well as the subsurface CO₂ concentration, were variable, and the results inconclusive. Our results suggest that five years was not enough time for soil to regenerate significantly after being disturbed by ground-based machinery.     

PVAc添加量对热压法快速固化水泥刨花板性能的影响

以杨木刨花为原料,42.5#普通硅酸盐水泥为无机胶黏剂,Na2SiO3为快速固化添加剂,研究添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液胶对热压快固水泥刨花板性能的影响.结果表明:①添加聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液可显著改善板材的物理力学性能;②要保证热压法快速固化水泥刨花板达到较理想的物理力学性能,应将板材在卸压后的回弹率控制在≤10%的范围内.     

Relation between Growth and Vertical Distribution of Fine Roots and Soil Density in the Weibei Loess Plateau

The influence of woodland soil bulk density on the growth and distribution of fine root system of main planting tree species in the Weibei Loess Plateau was investigated by means of pot culture and field survey. Results indicated that in the woodland of Pinus tabulaeformis, soil bulk density increased with the depth at different sites, while in the woodland of Robinia pseudoacacia, soil bulk density was higher than that in P. tabulaeformis, and there was no clear difference across the profile. Further analysis implied that there existed negative correlations between soil bulk density and fine root length in the woodland of P. tabulaeformis. Results from pot culture indicated that although the effects of pot culture media on the fine root growth and development of different tree species seedlings were different, all treated seedlings grew better in the soil matter with medium bulk density and porosity and with the biggest biomass. Bulk density of pot culture media had clear effects on the growth and development of P. tabulaeformis and R. pseudoacacia seedling roots, especially on the former, whereas it had little effect on that of Platycladus orientalis and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu, whose fine root biomass changed little in different pot culture media. Translated from Scientia Silvae Sinicae, 2004, 40(5) (in Chinese)     

小麦替代玉米对颗粒饲料性能的影响

本试验研究了用小麦替代玉米对颗粒饲料性能的影响。根据0～3周龄的樱桃谷肉鸭营养需要配制3种类型的试验日粮,即Ⅰ型(谷物饲料组成:玉米100%)、Ⅱ型(谷物饲料组成:玉米52.6% 小麦47.4%)、Ⅲ型(谷物饲料组成:玉米10.9% 小麦89.1%)。测定3种类型的颗粒饲料的密度、容重、硬度、粉化率。结果表明,小麦和玉米比例不同的日粮颗粒密度差异不显著(P>0.05),容重、硬度、粉化率差异极显著(P<0.01)。随着小麦添加比例的增加,颗粒饲料的容重、硬度增加,粉化率降低。