蜗壳断面形状及叶轮位置对蜗壳式轴流泵性能的影响

根据速度系数法设计了1种对称的“马蹄形”断面蜗壳和2种非对称的 “圆形”断面蜗壳与相同的轴流泵叶轮组合,并基于标准k-ε模型封闭的雷诺平均方程,应用 ANSYS CFX 14.5 软件,对设计的3个蜗壳式轴流泵内部的三维流动开展数值模拟.当采用“马蹄形”蜗壳时,设计流量点的扬程和效率最低,蜗壳内部压力分布不如非对称的圆形断面蜗壳均匀.选择水力效率相对较高的蜗壳,将4种轴向位置不同的叶轮与该蜗壳组合,并进行三维流动数值模拟,结果表明:叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离40 mm时,轴流泵效率最高,叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离80 mm时,轴流泵效率最低.此时,过流段和蜗壳内有明显回流和旋涡.轴流式叶轮与蜗壳的相对位置对蜗壳轴流泵的扬程-流量曲线和效率-流量曲线都有明显的影响.     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位(垄顶、垄底和沟中)施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大;垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0~30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小;在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

老芒麦种子发育时不同位叶光合速率和生物量变化与种子产量的相关分析

本文通过在开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期测定不同位叶的光合速率和生物量,分析种子发育过程中各位叶的光合速率、光合贡献率、叶生物量及含水量、花穗生物量和种子千粒重的变化,研究种子产量与不同发育期不同位叶光合性能的关系。结果表明,1)种子发育过程中,不同位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率均存在显著变化,同一发育期各位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率表现出显著差异。2)不同位叶的叶生物量和含水量随种子发育均发生显著变化,同一位叶在种子发育不同时期的叶生物量和含水量表现出显著差异。3)种子产量与开花期15叶的光合速率和生物量及叶总生物量均呈正相关;与灌浆期第1,3叶光合速率和第1,2叶生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与乳熟期第4,5叶的光合速率及叶生物量为负相关;与蜡熟期、完熟期第1叶光合速率为正相关,与第35叶光合速率为极显著负相关,与第1,2叶生物量呈正相关,与第35叶生物量呈显著负相关。4)种子产量与灌浆期之后的叶总生物量均为负相关,与灌浆期和乳熟期花穗生物量呈负相关,与蜡熟期和完熟期花穗生物量为显著正相关。所以,在营养生长阶段要采取合理栽培措施,促进不同位叶叶片生长和营养累积,为种子发育奠定物质基础,而灌浆期后要注意调控各位叶的生物量和光合速率,着重保护第13叶的完整性与健康度,以提高老芒麦种子产量与千粒重。     

Effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing,conscious dogs in an intensive care unit

Objective – To evaluate the effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PaO₂, PaCO₂), and the efficiency of pulmonary oxygen uptake as estimated by alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference (A‐a difference). Design – Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Setting – University teaching hospital, intensive care unit. Animals – Twenty‐one spontaneously breathing, conscious, canine patients with arterial catheters placed as part of their management strategy. Interventions – Patients were placed randomly into lateral or sternal recumbency. PaO₂ and PaCO₂ were measured after 15 minutes in this position. Patients were then repositioned into the opposite position and after 15 minutes the parameters were remeasured. Measurements and Main Results – Results presented as median (interquartile range). PaO₂ was significantly higher (P=0.001) when patients were positioned in sternal, 91.2 mm Hg (86.0–96.1 mm Hg), compared with lateral recumbency, 86.4 mm Hg (73.9–90.9 mm Hg). The median change was 5.4 mm Hg (1.1–17.9 mm Hg). All 7 dogs with a PaO₂<80 mm Hg in lateral recumbency had improved arterial oxygenation in sternal recumbency, median increase 17.4 mm Hg with a range of 3.8–29.7 mm Hg. PaCO₂ levels when patients were in sternal recumbency, 30.5 mm Hg (27.3–32.7 mm Hg) were not significantly different from those in lateral recumbency, 32.2 mm Hg (28.3–36.0 mm Hg) (P=0.07). The median change was ?1.9 mm Hg (?3.6–0.77 mm Hg). A‐a differences were significantly lower (P=0.005) when patients were positioned in sternal recumbency, 21.7 mm Hg (17.3–27.7 mm Hg), compared with lateral recumbency, 24.6 mm Hg (20.4–36.3 mm Hg). The median change was ?3.1 mm Hg (?14.6–0.9 mm Hg). Conclusions – PaO₂ was significantly higher when animals were positioned in sternal recumbency compared with lateral recumbency, predominantly due to improved pulmonary oxygen uptake (decreased A‐a difference) rather than increased alveolar ventilation (decreased PaCO₂). Patients with hypoxemia (defined as PaO₂<80 mm Hg) in lateral recumbency may benefit from being placed in sternal recumbency. Sternal recumbency is recommended to improve oxygenation in hypoxemic patients.     

Impact of rank position on fertility of sows

The investigations were carried out with 484 sows from two farms (farm A: housing the sows in small groups of 8 animals each, farm B with a large group of 100 sows) and a total number of 982 inseminations. The number of agonistic interactions was registered for each sow during 48 h after mixing soon after weaning the piglets at farm A. The individual rank place in the social hierarchy was calculated on the basis of wins and defeats and the sows were divided in high and low ranking sows. At farm B the rank position was estimated on the basis of the daily feeding order at two electronic feeding stations (first half of the sows in the feeding order = high ranking, second half = low ranking). Additionally, the following parameters were recorded for each sow: parity, genotype, farrowing rate and litter size (total and alive born piglets). The analysis showed that sows with a high rank position had a significantly higher farrowing rate (88.8%) compared to group-mates with low rank places (82.8%, p = 0.051) (farm A). Sows with a high rank position reached a significantly higher litter size of total born piglets (12.66, 16.14 piglets per litter respectively) than the low-ranking group-mates (12.13, 14.83 piglets/litter respectively — farms A and B). When mixing sows, the time and the conditions (e.g. group size, space allowance per sow) have to be considered to prevent the negative influence of low rank order on fertility.     

用滑移线法解正挤压实心件的准确方法

现有文献用滑移线法求解正挤压实心件的单位挤压力,存在一些模糊概念。对此进行了评述,指出了存在的问题,并提出了求解单位挤压力的准确方法。该法概念清晰,结果正确。     

水稻不同粒位籽粒淀粉与蛋白质累积动态差异

 以中熟籼稻（扬稻6号）和中熟粳稻（扬粳9538）为材料,研究了穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆过程中粒重、淀粉、可溶性糖和粗蛋白质含量等动态变化,以期通过分析灌浆物质累积动态差异探讨不同粒位间籽粒品质差异形成的生理原因。穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆物质累积动态存在显著差异,同一穗上早开花籽粒起步灌浆早,初期灌浆速率快;灌浆前、中期籽粒中淀粉和直链淀粉累积速率、累积量与籽粒开花顺序较为一致,即早开花籽粒大于迟开花籽粒,而不同粒位籽粒间的可溶性糖含量变化则与之相反。灌浆在粒位间的差异扬粳9538大于扬稻6号。成熟期籽粒直链淀粉含量则与开花顺序无必然联系。粗蛋白质含量随灌浆进程呈倒“S”型趋势,即灌浆前期下降较快,至最低点后略有回升,前期下降速率迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,但蛋白质含量在整个灌浆阶段则以迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,二次枝梗大于一次枝梗籽粒,穗下部籽粒高于其他部位籽粒。灌浆前、中期同枝梗上较早开花籽粒含水量下降幅度大于迟开花的籽粒,一次枝梗上第1粒尤为明显。以上结果说明,可溶性碳水化合物的供给可能不是弱势粒发育不良的限制因子,弱势粒灌浆充实不良可能与其较低的生理活性有关。     

基于PPP精密单点定位导航的数码航摄系统生成正射影像图

文章根据光束法区域网平差原理,利用ERDAS的OrthoBASE模块对2006年内蒙古磴口县乌兰布和沙漠拍摄的130张航空像片,共10条航带进行了GPS辅助空中三角测量,并对其进行了正射投影纠正,生成了1km2实验区比例尺为1∶1000影像图,影像图地面分辨率为0.1m,达到了相当高的精度。这也是我国林业部门第一次使用基于PPP精密单点定位导航的数码航摄系统生成的正射影像图。     

Influence of slope position, stand type and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) on litter decomposition rates of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) and spruce [Picea orientalis (L.) Link]

Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky.) and Oriental spruce [Picea orientalis (L.) Link] are the two most common tree species in northeast Turkey. Their distribution, stand type and understorey species are known to be influenced by topographical landforms. However, little information is available as to how these changes affect litter decomposition rates of these two species. Here, we investigated the effects of slope positions (top 1,800 m, middle 1,500 m and bottom 1,200 m), stand type (pure and mixed stands) and purple-flowered rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) on litter decomposition rates of Oriental beech and spruce for 4 years using the litterbag technique in the field. Among these three factors, stand type had the strongest influence on litter decomposition (P < 0.001, F = 58.8), followed by rhododendron (P < 0.001, F = 46.8) and slope position (P < 0.05, F = 11.6). Litter decomposition was highest under mixed beech/spruce forest, followed by pure beech and spruce forest. Beech and spruce litter decomposed much faster in mixed bags (beech–spruce) than they did separately under each stand type. Purple-flowered rhododendron significantly reduced litter decomposition of Oriental beech and spruce. Beech and spruce litter decomposed much slower at top slope position than at either bottom or middle position. Differential litter decomposition of Oriental beech and spruce was mainly due to adverse conditions in spruce forest and the presence of rhododendron on the ground which was associated with lower soil pH. Higher elevations (top slope position) slowed down litter decomposition by changing environmental conditions, most probably by decreasing temperature as also other factors are different (pH, precipitation) and no detailed investigations were made to differentiate these factors. The adverse conditions for litter decomposition in spruce forest can be effectively counteracted by admixture of beech to spruce monoculture and by using the clear-cutting method for controlling rhododendron.     

施氮对冬水田杂交中稻本田生长期叶片叶绿素含量的影响

以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,通过施氮与不施氮(CK)处理,研究了四川冬水田区杂交水稻本田生长期间叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期及主要生育时期的敏感叶位.结果表明,本田叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)受氮肥影响的敏感时期有分蘖期、最高苗期、拔节一抽穗期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期,施氮处理与CK叶片SPAD值的差值表现为分蘖初期和籽粒灌浆结实中后期较大,其余时期较小,其中移栽后第9～11天秧苗叶绿素含量受氮肥的影响最大,可作为测苗确定蘖肥施氮量的最佳时期;各叶位叶片的叶绿素含量受氮肥影响的程度以下部叶片较大,顶4叶是反应植株氮素状况最好的指示叶.