播期和密度对棉花叶柄和根系硝态氮含量的影响

为探讨大田棉花氮代谢随播期和密度的变化规律,选用华棉3109(G.hirsutum L.)于2014年在华中农业大学试验农场,采用裂区设计:播期(月-日)(S1,05-30;S2,06-14)为主区,密度(株·m-2)(D1,7.5;D2,9.0;D3,10.5)为副区,研究了硝态氮含量在主茎叶柄和根系的分布特点。结果表明:1)随生育进程推进,叶柄和根系硝态氮含量先升高后降低,初花期最高。2)主茎叶柄硝态氮含量随叶位变化,蕾期、初花期由上而下逐渐降低,第1叶最高;盛花期逐渐增高,第1叶和第4叶最高;不同生育时期棉花叶柄硝态氮含量在叶位间的下降幅度随播期推迟而降低,随密度增加先升高后降低。3)播期和密度对不同生育时期棉花叶柄和根系硝态氮平均含量的交互作用均显著,但播期和密度主效应影响不同:见花施肥前,随推迟播期,棉花叶柄硝态氮平均含量显著降低了42.9%,根系硝态氮平均含量显著升高了12.1%,增加密度对叶柄和根系硝态氮平均含量无显著影响。见花施肥后,随播期的推迟,叶柄硝态氮平均含量无显著性变化,初花期平均为5.05 mg·g-1,盛花期平均为2.62 mg·g-1;而根系硝态氮平均含量,初花期S1S2,盛花期S1S2;随密度增加,D1,D2与D3初花期叶柄和根系硝态氮平均含量均显著降低;盛花期叶柄硝态氮平均含量呈先升高后降低趋势变化,而根系硝态氮平均含量则与初花期相反,呈显著递增趋势。综上所述,晚播高密条件下,见花一次施肥后,推迟播期不改变棉花地上部叶柄硝态氮平均含量水平,适度增加密度有利于棉花叶柄维持较高的硝态氮含量,有利于为叶片氮代谢提供充足的底物。     

基于光谱红边位置提取算法的番茄叶片叶绿素含量估测

为了快速、准确估测番茄叶片叶绿素含量,分析了不同营养水平下的番茄叶片光谱红边参数变化规律,发现红边位置最能表征番茄叶绿素状况,统计分析了6种算法提取的光谱红边位置的差异性,并为每种算法分别建立了5种估测模型,验证结果表明每种红边位置提取算法所对应的最佳模型为线性四点内插法的指数曲线模型和其他红边位置算法的对数曲线模型。其中线性外推法模型精度最高,校正集决定系数R2c为0.618 6,验证集决定系数R2v达到0.771 1,验证集均方根误差RMSEv为8.359 6,可以有效诊断番茄叶绿素含量。线性四点内插法根据670、700、740、780 nm 4个波段的叶片反射率计算红边位置,运算简单,模型精度较高,R2c为0.621 7,R2v达到0.766 6,RMSEv为8.568 2,可以作为开发番茄叶绿素含量监测仪器的依据。     

蜗壳断面形状及叶轮位置对蜗壳式轴流泵性能的影响

根据速度系数法设计了1种对称的“马蹄形”断面蜗壳和2种非对称的 “圆形”断面蜗壳与相同的轴流泵叶轮组合,并基于标准k-ε模型封闭的雷诺平均方程,应用 ANSYS CFX 14.5 软件,对设计的3个蜗壳式轴流泵内部的三维流动开展数值模拟.当采用“马蹄形”蜗壳时,设计流量点的扬程和效率最低,蜗壳内部压力分布不如非对称的圆形断面蜗壳均匀.选择水力效率相对较高的蜗壳,将4种轴向位置不同的叶轮与该蜗壳组合,并进行三维流动数值模拟,结果表明:叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离40 mm时,轴流泵效率最高,叶轮出口与蜗壳进口中间平面距离80 mm时,轴流泵效率最低.此时,过流段和蜗壳内有明显回流和旋涡.轴流式叶轮与蜗壳的相对位置对蜗壳轴流泵的扬程-流量曲线和效率-流量曲线都有明显的影响.     

小麦/玉米垄沟套作条件下施肥部位对土壤水氮分布的影响

通过旱棚小车模拟小麦/玉米垄沟套作种植试验,研究了3种不同垄沟部位(垄顶、垄底和沟中)施肥对小麦/玉米生长和产量及土壤水氮分布的影响。结果表明:相同灌水条件下,施肥部位对垄沟套作水分分布影响不显著,但土壤硝态氮的分布差异较大;垄顶施肥和垄底施肥处理下,由于水肥异区,其垄上小麦生长带的硝态氮主要分布在0~30 cm土层,有效地减少了硝态氮向土壤深层淋溶,而后期沟内玉米生长带的水氮处理相同,因此其硝态氮分布差异较小;在相同灌水条件下,垄沟套作可以有效降低水分流失,减少氮肥损失,因此较传统平作更有利于作物生长,提高小麦、玉米的产量,且以垄顶施肥和垄底施肥效果最显著,小麦产量较平作分别增加11.47%、10.81%,玉米产量较平作分别增加18.87%、22.70%。     

老芒麦种子发育时不同位叶光合速率和生物量变化与种子产量的相关分析

本文通过在开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、完熟期测定不同位叶的光合速率和生物量,分析种子发育过程中各位叶的光合速率、光合贡献率、叶生物量及含水量、花穗生物量和种子千粒重的变化,研究种子产量与不同发育期不同位叶光合性能的关系。结果表明,1)种子发育过程中,不同位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率均存在显著变化,同一发育期各位叶的光合速率和光合贡献率表现出显著差异。2)不同位叶的叶生物量和含水量随种子发育均发生显著变化,同一位叶在种子发育不同时期的叶生物量和含水量表现出显著差异。3)种子产量与开花期15叶的光合速率和生物量及叶总生物量均呈正相关;与灌浆期第1,3叶光合速率和第1,2叶生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与乳熟期第4,5叶的光合速率及叶生物量为负相关;与蜡熟期、完熟期第1叶光合速率为正相关,与第35叶光合速率为极显著负相关,与第1,2叶生物量呈正相关,与第35叶生物量呈显著负相关。4)种子产量与灌浆期之后的叶总生物量均为负相关,与灌浆期和乳熟期花穗生物量呈负相关,与蜡熟期和完熟期花穗生物量为显著正相关。所以,在营养生长阶段要采取合理栽培措施,促进不同位叶叶片生长和营养累积,为种子发育奠定物质基础,而灌浆期后要注意调控各位叶的生物量和光合速率,着重保护第13叶的完整性与健康度,以提高老芒麦种子产量与千粒重。     

Effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing,conscious dogs in an intensive care unit

Objective – To evaluate the effect of body position on the arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide (PaO₂, PaCO₂), and the efficiency of pulmonary oxygen uptake as estimated by alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference (A‐a difference). Design – Prospective, randomized, crossover study. Setting – University teaching hospital, intensive care unit. Animals – Twenty‐one spontaneously breathing, conscious, canine patients with arterial catheters placed as part of their management strategy. Interventions – Patients were placed randomly into lateral or sternal recumbency. PaO₂ and PaCO₂ were measured after 15 minutes in this position. Patients were then repositioned into the opposite position and after 15 minutes the parameters were remeasured. Measurements and Main Results – Results presented as median (interquartile range). PaO₂ was significantly higher (P=0.001) when patients were positioned in sternal, 91.2 mm Hg (86.0–96.1 mm Hg), compared with lateral recumbency, 86.4 mm Hg (73.9–90.9 mm Hg). The median change was 5.4 mm Hg (1.1–17.9 mm Hg). All 7 dogs with a PaO₂<80 mm Hg in lateral recumbency had improved arterial oxygenation in sternal recumbency, median increase 17.4 mm Hg with a range of 3.8–29.7 mm Hg. PaCO₂ levels when patients were in sternal recumbency, 30.5 mm Hg (27.3–32.7 mm Hg) were not significantly different from those in lateral recumbency, 32.2 mm Hg (28.3–36.0 mm Hg) (P=0.07). The median change was ?1.9 mm Hg (?3.6–0.77 mm Hg). A‐a differences were significantly lower (P=0.005) when patients were positioned in sternal recumbency, 21.7 mm Hg (17.3–27.7 mm Hg), compared with lateral recumbency, 24.6 mm Hg (20.4–36.3 mm Hg). The median change was ?3.1 mm Hg (?14.6–0.9 mm Hg). Conclusions – PaO₂ was significantly higher when animals were positioned in sternal recumbency compared with lateral recumbency, predominantly due to improved pulmonary oxygen uptake (decreased A‐a difference) rather than increased alveolar ventilation (decreased PaCO₂). Patients with hypoxemia (defined as PaO₂<80 mm Hg) in lateral recumbency may benefit from being placed in sternal recumbency. Sternal recumbency is recommended to improve oxygenation in hypoxemic patients.     

Impact of rank position on fertility of sows

The investigations were carried out with 484 sows from two farms (farm A: housing the sows in small groups of 8 animals each, farm B with a large group of 100 sows) and a total number of 982 inseminations. The number of agonistic interactions was registered for each sow during 48 h after mixing soon after weaning the piglets at farm A. The individual rank place in the social hierarchy was calculated on the basis of wins and defeats and the sows were divided in high and low ranking sows. At farm B the rank position was estimated on the basis of the daily feeding order at two electronic feeding stations (first half of the sows in the feeding order = high ranking, second half = low ranking). Additionally, the following parameters were recorded for each sow: parity, genotype, farrowing rate and litter size (total and alive born piglets). The analysis showed that sows with a high rank position had a significantly higher farrowing rate (88.8%) compared to group-mates with low rank places (82.8%, p = 0.051) (farm A). Sows with a high rank position reached a significantly higher litter size of total born piglets (12.66, 16.14 piglets per litter respectively) than the low-ranking group-mates (12.13, 14.83 piglets/litter respectively — farms A and B). When mixing sows, the time and the conditions (e.g. group size, space allowance per sow) have to be considered to prevent the negative influence of low rank order on fertility.     

用滑移线法解正挤压实心件的准确方法

现有文献用滑移线法求解正挤压实心件的单位挤压力,存在一些模糊概念。对此进行了评述,指出了存在的问题,并提出了求解单位挤压力的准确方法。该法概念清晰,结果正确。     

水稻不同粒位籽粒淀粉与蛋白质累积动态差异

 以中熟籼稻（扬稻6号）和中熟粳稻（扬粳9538）为材料,研究了穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆过程中粒重、淀粉、可溶性糖和粗蛋白质含量等动态变化,以期通过分析灌浆物质累积动态差异探讨不同粒位间籽粒品质差异形成的生理原因。穗上不同粒位籽粒灌浆物质累积动态存在显著差异,同一穗上早开花籽粒起步灌浆早,初期灌浆速率快;灌浆前、中期籽粒中淀粉和直链淀粉累积速率、累积量与籽粒开花顺序较为一致,即早开花籽粒大于迟开花籽粒,而不同粒位籽粒间的可溶性糖含量变化则与之相反。灌浆在粒位间的差异扬粳9538大于扬稻6号。成熟期籽粒直链淀粉含量则与开花顺序无必然联系。粗蛋白质含量随灌浆进程呈倒“S”型趋势,即灌浆前期下降较快,至最低点后略有回升,前期下降速率迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,但蛋白质含量在整个灌浆阶段则以迟开花籽粒大于早开花籽粒,二次枝梗大于一次枝梗籽粒,穗下部籽粒高于其他部位籽粒。灌浆前、中期同枝梗上较早开花籽粒含水量下降幅度大于迟开花的籽粒,一次枝梗上第1粒尤为明显。以上结果说明,可溶性碳水化合物的供给可能不是弱势粒发育不良的限制因子,弱势粒灌浆充实不良可能与其较低的生理活性有关。     

稻田增氧模式对水稻籽粒灌浆的影响

 为考查水稻产量形成和灌浆动态对不同稻田增氧模式的响应特征,于2008年和2009年,以国稻1号和秀水09为材料,长期淹水田块为对照(CK),采用过氧化尿素（T1）、过氧化钙（T2）和干湿交替灌溉（T3）的稻田增氧模式,监测并采用Richard方程模拟水稻籽粒灌浆过程。 国稻1号产量依次为T3＞T1＞T2＞CK,秀水09产量依次为T3＞T2＞T1＞CK。2008年,国稻1号T1、T2和T3分别比CK增产11.6%、8.5%和13.6%,秀水09增产6.6%、9.2%和9.4%。2009年,国稻1号T1、T2和T3分别比CK增产16.8%、14.4%和23.0%,秀水09增产14.6%、17.2% 和17.4%。不同增氧模式对水稻灌浆过程的影响表现为：1）灌浆过程均符合Richards方程（拟合度>0.989）;2）强、弱势粒的最大粒重均有提高、粒重差异减少、灌浆同步性提高;3）两水稻品种的弱势粒均得到充分灌浆,其中增氧延长了国稻1号弱势粒的灌浆时间、增大了秀水09弱势粒灌浆速率。增氧模式下,弱势粒充分灌浆和结实率提高是水稻产量增加的主要原因。