农业科技英语汉译过程的逻辑分析与形象思维

许多译文错误的原因是译者只顾语法分析而忽视逻辑分析和形象思维。本文筛选１５例错译，结合科技英语特点和英汉两种语言的差别进行简析，对广大科技英语读者和译者准确理解英文和提高汉译质量都会有裨益。     

论林业科技英语翻译

本文以现代翻译理论为依据，结合英汉两种语言的特点，运用实例阐述了林业科技英语文献翻译的方法，内容包括词义的理解及引申，介词的理解与翻译，语法分析手段，主动与被动的正反处理等。     

论英汉习语套译中的"伪归化"现象

套译是辞书对英汉习语翻译频频使用的一种翻译方法。归化策略的的观点为套译提供了理论依据,而习语的国俗语义的差异则可能制约套译的可行性及准确性,从而导致翻译的"归化过度"甚至"伪归化"现象,最终造成"病态译文"。     

旅游英语翻译中常见的问题及对策研究——以河南旅游景区标示语的英译为例

本文概述了旅游英语的特点,并以河南省旅游景点标示语汉英翻译为例,旨在找出旅游英语翻译的现状及存在的问题,并提出对应的改进策略。     

Tryptophanyl-tRNA Synthetase Gene WRS1 Regulates Rice Seed Development

【Objective】Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are closely related to the transmission of genetic information. Besides translation, aaRSs in plants participate in gametogenesis and embryo development, early plastid development, immune signal perception and disease defense. In this study, we used a rice endosperm defective mutant to analyze the function of tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase (WRS1) during seed development, proving that WRS1 gene encodes a key factor affecting rice endosperm development. 【Method】In this study, a stably-inherited rice floury endosperm mutant (wrs1) was screened from the mutant library of indica cultivar N22 (Oryza sativa subsp. indica) induced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS). Map-based cloning and complementation test identified the target gene. Morphological observation and starch physicochemical properties of wrs1 mature seeds were analyzed. Semi-thin sections were prepared to observe the developing endosperm structure with a scanning electron microscope. qRT-PCR and GUS staining were performed to analyze the expression of WRS1. The expression of starch synthesis related genes in the endosperm at 12 days after flowering was determined by qRT-PCR, and these protein expression levels in mature seed were detected by immunoblotting. The free amino acid contents of mature seeds were measured with a fully automatic amino acid analyzer. 【Result】The seedlings of wrs1 were featured by obvious delay in development and finally withered and died. The floury grains isolated from the heterozygous mutant (WRS1wrs1) showed shrunken belly, decreased grain thickness and thousand-grain weight. Total starch contents, the peak viscosity and breakdown viscosity of pasting starch were lower in wrs1. The compound starch granules in developing endosperm of wrs1 were smaller and loosely arranged. WRS1 was restricted to the 183 kb region of the long arm of chromosome 12. Sequencing revealed a single base substitution in exon 6 of the tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase gene (WRS1), resulting in a substitution of methionine. The expression of most starch synthesis-related genes in wrs1 was down-regulated, while these proteins showed different accumulation levels. The contents of proteins in wrs1 grains were decreased, while free amino acids contents were significantly increased. 【Conclusion】WRS1 encodes tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase. Mutation of this gene affects amino acid homeostasis and protein synthesis in rice endosperm, resulting in abnormal expression of the genes in starch synthesis pathway which affects starch synthesis and accumulation, and eventually lead to seed development defects.     

玉兰属植物资源与新分类系统的研究

（1河南农业大学林学园艺学院,郑州 450002;2中国林业科学研究院经济林研究开发中心,郑州 450002; 3新郑市林业局,新郑 451150）     

Investigating translated data of the German soil‐quality assessment using pinpoint field validation

In contrast to modern soil‐profile characterization, alternative soil classifications, such as the German soil‐quality assessment (Bodenschätzung), bear a lower degree of scientific quality. However, despite originally created to determine the tax value of arable land and grassland, its high spatial resolution and complete areal coverage makes soil‐quality assessment a valuable tool. To assess its performance in a mountainous setting soil‐layer data of 60 soil pits, recorded in Bavaria (SE Germany) in the course of the soil‐quality assessment, were translated into German soil‐science terminology using the translation program NIBIS®. With regard to soil type and texture the translation was checked using pinpoint field validation based on soil‐science terminology. 57% of soil types and 61% of texture were correctly translated by NIBIS®. To obtain information about probable parameters that can explain the different results readily available parameters such as elapsed time between soil‐quality assessment and validation, altitude, slope, aspect, horizon thickness, lower edge of horizon, as well as weathering surface and silicate‐weathering rate derived from geological maps were used. Differences in topsoil texture were somewhat related to petrographic parameters, those of the lower subsoil showed a weak dependence to topographic parameters. The NIBIS® translation overrated the silt content to the expense of sand. Clay was the best‐matched texture class. The shift towards silty texture classes was the dominant factor for the differences of texture‐related values of the available water capacity and hydraulic conductivity. Both parameters as derived from the NIBIS® translation on the one and from field validation on the other hand were used to evaluate the water‐retention capacity of individual soil profiles. Despite differing input data the soils' water‐retention capacity was rated identical. Thus, a certain degree of disagreement between the texture data obtained from NIBIS® translation and from field validation is tolerable, if the eventual soil‐function evaluation is based on wide classes of texture or of secondary parameters derived from texture.     

不同补灌次数对旱地高产小麦氮素运转及产量的影响

试验研究了不同补灌处理对旱地高产田小麦氮素运转和产量的影响.结果表明: 增加补灌次数和灌水量, 导致小麦籽粒蛋白质含量降低, 旱地CK处理籽粒蛋白质含量最高, 其成熟期积累量虽然比灌1水和2水的处理低, 但显著高于灌3水以上处理.适量补灌, 可提高籽粒产量, 提高氮素利用率.补灌次数和补灌量过多, 小麦贪青晚熟, 氮素转移量小, 氮素转移率亦大幅度降低, 对产量提高的贡献并不大, 且产量和产量构成因素中千粒重、穗粒数反而下降, 低于灌2水和3水处理.综合考虑产量和水分利用效率、蛋白质积累等因素, 在本旱地高产试验田, 拔节期、灌浆期2水补灌120 mm的W2处理是最经济高效的补灌方案.     

蛋白质翻译起始因子的作用与调控

 蛋白质翻译起始因子是一类在真核细胞中蛋白质翻译所必需的、保证正确的mRNA－核糖体复合物形成的蛋白质,已知的起始因子共有12种,在真核细胞翻译起始阶段有重要作用。蛋白质合成的调节主要通过翻译起始因子的磷酸化进行。真核细胞蛋白质翻译最重要的调节位点是翻译起始因子eIF 2和eIF 4。本文主要综述了近年来关于蛋白质翻译起始因子的作用及调控的最新研究进展     

英汉科技翻译中的节律问题探析

从节律的视角探讨科技翻译,借鉴言语-语言二分法,将英汉科技翻译中的节律进一步区分为言语节律和语言节律.言语节律包含科技英语的基本节律特征与作者的个人节律风格,语言节律主要体现为汉语趋偶求双的音步特性,整齐对称的音顿特性,以及长短交替的音列特性.翻译时应最大限度地再现言语节律并灵活巧妙地运用语言节律.