优良盐生牧草—大叶补血草的引种

大叶补血草是多年生盐生、沙生草本,引种试验表明,该种具有生长快,产草量高,花期叶片不干枯,耐寒、耐盐碱,耐旱和土壤瘠薄,适口性强,营养价值较高等特点,不仅是盐碱地值得推广的优良牧草,也可作为园林绿化植物和密源植物。     

Effects of types of nitrogenous fertilizer (biological,chemical, integrative) and cropping mixes on some forage-medicine characteristics in additive intercropping of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.)

In order to investigate the effects of nitrogenous fertilizers (biological, chemical, integrative) on quantity and quality of forage-medicine in the additive intercropping of sorghum with fenugreek, an experiment was performed in two agronomic years 2010–2011 and 2011–2012 in the Research Farm of Agricultural Faculty of Tehran University located in Dolatabad, Karaj, as split-plot in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main treatments consisted of the control or without fertilizer (N0), biofertilizer (Nbi) (Azotobacter, Rhizobium, Azospirillum, mycorrhiza), chemical nitrogen fertilizer (Nch 100) and integrative fertilizer including biofertilizer plus 50% chemical nitrogen fertilizer (Nbi + Nch50). The subtreatments included sole cultivation of fenugreek without weeds (T0), sole cultivation of fenugreek with weeds (Tw), sole cultivation of sorghum without weeds (S0), sole cultivation of sorghum with weeds (Sw), cultivation of sorghum + 50% fenugreek (ST50) and cultivation of sorghum + 100% fenugreek (ST100). Based on the results, the highest effective extract of fenugreek (trigonelline) and fenugreek dry matter was gained through the application of biological fertilizer + the sole fenugreek treatment (no weeds). Moreover, the highest sorghum dry mater was yielded by the use of the integrative fertilizer + the sole sorghum (no weeds) treatment; however, the highest total dry matter was observed to be more in the mixed treatment of integrative fertilizer and sorghum + 50% fenugreek. The lowest weed biomass was also linked to the integrative treatment biological fertilizer and sorghum + 100% fenugreek.     

Biomass Production,Nutritional and Mineral Content of Desiccation‐Sensitive and Desiccation‐Tolerant Species of Sporobolus under Multiple Irrigation Regimes

The development of low‐water‐input forages would be useful for improving the water‐use efficiency of livestock production in semi‐arid and arid regions. The desiccation‐tolerant (DT) species Sporobolus stapfianus Gandoger and two desiccation‐sensitive (DS) species, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees. (Poaceae), were evaluated for aerial biomass production and seed productivity under three different irrigation regimes. Sporobolus stapfianus displayed the least biomass production, whereas S. pyramidalis and S. fimbriatus produced up to 3.8‐ and 11.2‐fold greater dry biomass, respectively, at the highest irrigation rate of 12 334 l (0.01 acre‐feet). Sporobolus fimbriatus and to a lesser extent S. pyramidalis showed significant increases in biomass production in response to increased irrigation rates, whereas S. stapfianus did not. Sporobolus pyramidalis and S. fimbriatus exhibited 3.2‐ and 6.0‐fold greater seed production, respectively, in response to increased irrigation rates, whereas S. stapfianus showed only a 1.4‐fold increase. All Sporobolus species possessed forage quality traits (e.g. crude protein, fibre content) comparable to those of timothy, a forage grass grown widely in the Great Basin in the western United States. Micronutrient content exceeded the minimum requirements of beef cattle, without surpassing tolerable limits, with the exception of zinc, which appeared low in all three Sporobolus species. The low water requirements displayed by these species, combined with their acceptable forage qualities, indicate that these grasses have the potential to serve farmers and ranchers in semi‐arid and arid regions of the western United States where irrigation resources are limited.     

发展秸秆饲草产业促进农民收入增长

阐述了陕西省秸秆饲草产业的发展现状和发展前景，指出在发展该产业过程中的经验与难点，提出了发展该产业的设想与措施。     

六倍体小黑麦和八倍体小偃麦杂交F_2的细胞学特性

以八倍体小偃麦(远中1号、远中3号和远中5号)与六倍体小黑麦杂交,对F2的形态学及细胞学特性进行了研究,以期为创造小麦-偃麦草-黑麦异位新种质奠定基础。结果表明,3个组合F2自交结实率分别为28.11%、41.11%、39.92%。不同组合根尖细胞染色体数目变化分别有8、12、29种类型,组合间染色体数目分别在46～58、49～60、34～64条变异。花粉母细胞减数分裂染色体行为异常,组合间平均每个细胞单价体数基本相当,分别为10.45、11.60和11.69。组合远中1号/兰考小黑麦和远中3号/兰考小黑麦中具多价体的细胞频率非常相近,分别为40.7%和39.2%,明显高于远中5号/兰考小黑麦组合中的频率(33.0%)。3个组合均出现较低频率的染色体桥,分别为6%、3%、3%。在二分孢子和四分孢子中普遍观察到微核。研究结果为揭示小麦-偃麦草-黑麦属间杂种染色体遗传特征提供了依据。     

不同精粗比日粮对黄淮白山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸影响

采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,选用3只安装水久性瘤胃瘘管黄淮白山羊,分别饲喂3种不同精粗比日粮(精粗比为3∶7、4∶6、5∶5),探讨日粮精粗比对黄淮白山羊瘤胃挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度影响.结果表明,随精料水平增加瘤胃乙酸、丁酸含量降低,丙酸含量增加;随采食时间延长挥发性脂肪酸含量呈增加后降低趋势.精粗比为5∶5日粮更有利于增加黄淮白山羊生产性能.     

4种披碱草属野生牧草在高寒地区农艺性状及生产性能的评价

以4种披碱草属野生种质为材料,对其生育期、株高、茎叶比、分蘖数、种子产量等主要农艺性状及生产性能进行比较试验。结果表明,在4种供试材料中,披碱草的农艺性状和生产性能最为突出,其单株鲜重最高,单株分蘖数最大,茎叶比较小,具有产草量和种子产量高的优势,对寒旱环境适应性强。垂穗披碱草的单株鲜重、单株分蘖数两个指标表现次之,黑紫披碱草表现最差。     

基于饲草配方优化的肉牛养殖系统镉平衡分析

采用线性规划求解方法,通过评价饲草干物质含量、粗蛋白含量、综合净能、肉牛能量单位及肉牛营养需求等指标,对春、夏、秋、冬饲草进行配方优化。结果表明,春季饲草优化配方为燕麦(Avena sativa)、稻草、黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和玉米(Zea mays),其干物质比重分别为47.26%、36.55%、13.45%和2.74%;夏季为桂牧一号(Pennisetum purpureum cv.Guimu No.1)、玉米和稻草,其干物质比重分别为91.25%、8.49%和0.26%;秋季为桂牧一号、玉米和红薯,其干物质比重分别为89.30%、9.01%和1.70%;冬季为燕麦、稻草、红薯(Dioscorea esculenta)、黑麦草和玉米,其干物质比重分别为50.26%、25.59%、17.49%、5.61%和1.04%。同步监测肉牛养殖系统饲草、饮用水、牛粪尿以及牛肉中的镉(Cd)含量,计算肉牛养殖系统Cd输入输出动态可知,单头肉牛Cd年输入量为753.70mg,年输出量为747.02mg,系统Cd的输入与输出基本持平。Cd输入中,饮用水及饲料添加剂对Cd年度总输入的贡献率仅分别为0.05%和4.56%,而饲草的贡献率高达95.39%;Cd输出中,牛肉和牛尿对Cd年度总输出的贡献率仅分别为0.46%和0.06%,而牛粪的贡献率高达99.48%。可见,控制饲草Cd含量和调控牛粪Cd输出分别是减少Cd进入养殖系统和增加养殖系统Cd输出的最主要途径,而因牛的粪尿流出肉牛种养系统,每头每年带出的Cd为226.55mg,占Cd年输出量的30.33%。利用清洁地域建立"饲草-肉牛-牛粪-饲草"种养系统,可实现饲草自给、废弃物安全消纳的同时,确保饲草和肉牛质量安全,实现该系统在低Cd环境下循环运行。     

气候变化对青海湖天然高寒草原草场优势牧草群营养成分的影响

通过连续观测10年(1987-1996)环青海湖天然草场优势牧草以及气象要素,分析了气候变化对青海湖天然草场牧草营养的影响.研究结果表明:1)青海湖天然草场优势牧草单位面积干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、粗纤维(CF)的生产力呈下降趋势;2)优势牧草群组的粗蛋白、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物...     

玛曲县草畜平衡优化方案与管理决策初探

利用玛曲县2001-2009年的草地畜牧业动态监测资料和社会经济统计数据,通过MATLAB 7.9软件的多目标规划方法,以维持草畜平衡、优化畜群结构和保护草地生态环境为总目标,综合考虑畜群结构优化、牧业生产、生态保护3个方面的约束条件,研究了规划期(2010-2012年)玛曲县草地畜牧业发展的优化方案及管理对策,对比分析了2套不同收入水平的优化方案。结果表明:减少家畜数量,加大周转是实现上述目标的根本途径,其具体措施包括调整牲畜数量和优化畜群结构。优化方案表明玛曲县若减少149.18×10⁴ SU后,能实现草畜平衡;提高出栏率,增强畜牧业生产效益,从优化方案中发现出栏率保持在31%以上能够使牧民收益最大化;增加补饲,全县每年至少补饲精饲料4万kg;拓宽经济收益渠道,发展旅游等其他产业,将增强该县经济弹性。