半干旱区四种典型豆科牧草群落生理生态的分异研究

在黄土高原半干旱地区,植物种群生态的改善是植被建设与生态修复的关键。通过人工植被调查,比较了四种豆科牧草的种群生长的生态差异,初步探讨了牧草生产力与种群生态的可能耦合网络机制。结果表明:基于四种豆科牧草种群的土壤水分含量和垂直下降分布规律,发现沙打旺与苜蓿为高生产力型,红豆草与胡枝子为低生产力型,这可能与它们水分利用状况和豆科牧草本身的固氮或氮沉积的氮汇与源转化调节有关。苜蓿植株生物量表现较高,与其多年生庞大根系充分吸收土壤深层水分有关,反映了根冠生长与土壤条件的耦合是导致遗传特性响应差异的重要原因,因此调整植物根冠关系以增强植物的抗旱适应能力理论上是可行的。相关分析发现生产力、根系生物量、土壤环境(水分和层次)为网络耦联相关,特别是90-100cm的土壤空间水分与根冠比成正相关,这可能说明这个层次(根系的浅层集中分布区)为土壤水库与土壤干层相转变的阈值界面。因此从干旱胁迫条件下建立的适应性生存对策上考虑,苜蓿适宜在干旱立地推广应用,不仅具水土保持功效,而且植被生产力高,应为黄土高原生态恢复和生态建设的重要参考物种。     

Variations in vernalization requirements among ecotypes of Festuca hallii

Plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii [Vasey] Piper) is an important forage grass species in the Northern Great Plains of Canada. Its seed is in demand for forage production and habitat restoration, but erratic seed production limits supply. A comprehensive understanding of factors influencing flowering and seed production in this species is needed. This study evaluated the morphological and phenological variation among six ecotypes of F. hallii from Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Seeds were germinated, and seedlings were grown in the field and then transplanted to a greenhouse in November. Plants not flowering in the greenhouse were vernalized under 5°C and 8-h light for 11 weeks. In a separate experiment, plants were subjected to temperature regimes of 15/5°C, 10/0°C and 5/−5°C with day-length treatments of 12 h, 8 h and a gradually changing daylength from 12 to 8 h respectively. This study demonstrated the existence of considerable variation in morphological and phenological characteristics, and in growth and vernalization requirements among ecotypes of F. hallii. Vernalization requirements were not met for the ecotype from the Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion when it was grown under common conditions, whereas ecotypes from other ecoregions were vernalized in at least one of the 2 years in the field experiment. Northern ecotypes tended to flower earlier after artificial vernalization treatments. Overall, 15/5 to 5/−5°C d per night temperature regimes with photoperiods between 12 and 8 h were effective in inducing flowering. The seed source of F. hallii should be regarded as an important consideration affecting its use, both for habitat restoration and for forage production.     

苜蓿白粉病的研究

苜蓿白粉病（Ｌｅｖｅｅｉｌｌｕｌａ　ｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍ　Ｇｏｌｏｖ．）是我国北方地区近年来普遍发生的一种真菌病害,对于苜蓿的品质、适口性、产草量及种子产量均有较严重的影响。选育和推广优良抗病品种,是从根本上防治苜蓿白粉病的有效措施。在割草地、小面积试验或种子生产田适时刈割,或喷施灭菌丹、粉锈宁、甲基托布津是防治苜蓿白粉病的重要措施。     

粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响

本试验旨在研究粗饲料组合对奶牛饲粮养分消化率、能量和氮的利用的影响。试验采用单因素随机区组设计,将 １６头体重、年龄、胎次相近的,处于干奶期的健康荷斯坦奶牛分为 ４组,每组 ４头。以常用的粗饲料设计 Ａ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆）、Ｂ（玉米青贮 ＋羊草）、Ｃ（玉米青贮 ＋玉米秸秆 ＋羊草）、Ｄ（玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草）４种粗饲料组合的饲粮。结果表明：饲粮Ｄ干物质、有机物和中性洗涤纤维的消化率最高,显著高于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,其次为饲粮Ｂ和饲粮 Ｃ,饲粮 Ａ最低,显著低于其他各饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）,各饲粮的酸性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）。粗饲料组合显著影响饲粮摄入总能、能量消化率和能量代谢率（Ｐ＜０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ甲烷能占摄入总能比显著低于其他 ３种饲粮（Ｐ＜０．０５）。各饲粮的粪氮、尿氮占摄入总氮比差异不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５）,饲粮 Ｄ的氮消化率显著高于饲粮 Ｂ与饲粮 Ｃ（Ｐ＜０．０５）,且饲粮 Ｂ显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）;饲粮 Ｂ、饲粮 Ｄ的氮利用率显著高于饲粮 Ａ（Ｐ＜０．０５）。由此可见,玉米青贮 ＋苜蓿草 ＋羊草型饲粮的养分消化率、能量和氮的利用均优于其他各饲粮,羊草与玉米秸秆之间存在正组合效应,两者搭配使用可提高玉米秸秆的消化率,优化能量和氮的利用。     

优良牧草在家兔生产中的研究进展

优良牧草不仅蛋白质含量高,适口性好,且含有丰富的矿物质元素、胡萝卜素以及多种维生素等,是家兔优良高效生产重要的饲料。文章对优良牧草在家兔生产中的应用作以综述。     

饲用植物的民族植物学--内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗的研究案例

论述了原住民利用饲用植物资源的传统知识和经验的民族植物学研究价值，提出了我国饲用植物资源的民族植物学研究的主要内容，并以内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁旗的研究结果作了案例进行了深入的探讨。     

Potential allelopathic influence of certain pasture weeds

Laboratory and growth chamber research was conducted to determine the potential allelopathy of tissue harvested from certain weeds commonly found in pastures. Results of bioassays indicated that the weeds dogfennel and mayweed chamomile are potentially allelopathic to alfalfa and Italian ryegrass seedlings. Leaf-tissue extracts from the two weed species reduced seedling growth more than stem and root extracts. In most experiments alfalfa seedlings were influenced more than Italian ryegrass seedlings and seedling growth was influenced more than seed germination. Leaf tissue from the weed species mixed into potting soil at a concentration as low as 0.25% (w/w) significantly reduced alfalfa and Italian ryegrass plant development and foliage production. Extract and tissue concentration used in this research were estimated to be similar to concentrations expected to occur within the pasture ecosystem and below concentrations that would result in hypertonicity in the bioassays.     

用ICP-AES法同时测定饲草饲料中多种矿物元素的研究

探讨了用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ法同时测定饲草饲料中多种矿物元素的过程与结果，确定了合理的测试条件。实验结果表明，该法不但可同时检测饲草饲料中多种元素，且精密度高，进样量少，节省试剂，方便快速