基于双池化与多尺度核特征加权CNN的典型牧草识别

针对自然背景下牧草难识别的问题,提出一种基于双池化与多尺度核特征加权的卷积神经网络牧草识别方法。双池化特征加权结构通过将卷积层输出的特征图分别进行最大值池化和均值池化得到两组特征图,引入特征重标定策略,依照各通道特征图对当前任务的重要程度进行加权,以增强有用特征、抑制无用特征;多尺度核特征加权结构通过在卷积层中同时使用3×3和5×5两种卷积核,并将网络的前几层特征复用后进行加权,以提高重要特征的利用率。对10类牧草图像进行识别实验,结果表明,该方法识别率为94.1%,比VGG-13网络提高了5.7个百分点,双池化与多尺度特征加权有效提高了牧草识别精度。     

Hybrid breeding for biomass yield in winter triticale: II. Combining ability and hybrid prediction

Accurate hybrid prediction and knowledge about the relative contribution of general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) are of utmost importance for efficient hybrid breeding. We therefore evaluated 91 triticale single-cross hybrids in field trials at seven environments for plant height, heading time, fresh biomass, dry matter content and dry biomass. Fresh and dry biomass showed the highest proportion (23%) of variance due to SCA. Prediction accuracies based on GCA were slightly higher than based on mid-parent values. Utilizing parental kinship information yielded the highest prediction accuracies when both parental lines have been tested in other hybrid combinations, but still moderate-to-low prediction accuracies for two untested parents. Thus, hybrid prediction for biomass traits in triticale is currently promising based on mid-parent values as emphasized by our simulation study, but can be expected to shift to GCA-based prediction with an increasing importance of GCA due to selection in hybrid breeding. Moreover, the performance of potential hybrids between newly developed lines can be predicted with moderate accuracy using genomic relationship information.     

Application of Triticum monococcum for the improvement of triticale resistance to leaf rust (Puccinia triticina)

The aim of this work was to evaluate the leaf rust resistance introduced into introgressive triticale lines with Triticum monococcum genes, and to study the expression of these genes at the hexaploid level. The introgressive lines were developed by incorporating diploid wheat (T. monococcum s.s.) genes into hexaploid triticale LT 522/6 using the synthetic allotetraploid T. monococcum/Secale cereale (A^mA^mRR) as a bridging form. A group of 44 those lines, parental stocks and check cultivars were inoculated at the seedling stage (in a greenhouse) and at the adult‐plant stage (in the field) with four pathotypes of Puccinia triticina. At the seedling stage the assessment of infection type showed that four lines had resistance to all pathotypes as high as in the T. monococcum donor. Adult plant examinations showed some introgressive lines with complete resistance and also lines with partial resistance, expressed in area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) calculations as slow rusting. Some lines comprise low AUDPC with complete resistance at seedling stage.     

四种暖季型饲草饲喂皖西白鹅效果比较

120只24日龄皖西白鹅随机分成4组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ),每组30只。试验期为60d,各组基础日粮相同,青绿饲料(暖季型饲草)添加量也相同,但种类不同。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组添加青绿饲料(暖季型饲草)分别为苦荬菜、欧洲菊苣,美洲狼尾草和美国籽粒苋。各组自由采食和饮水。结果表明,不同暖季型饲草适口性明显不同;对皖西白鹅生长和生产性能指标也存在显著差异。     

Growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex species from Northern Mexico as affected by salt stress

Atriplex species are tolerant to salinity and water stress and thus they are suitable for restoration of many degraded ecosystems. In addition, many Atriplex species offer good value as forages. We compared growth and leaf chemistry of Atriplex canescens, a well-known halophyte, and A. acanthocarpa, a poorly-studied species, as affected by salinity in a greenhouse study. Seeds and soil were collected in northern Mexico, the native range of these species. Plants were grown in pots containing native soil and irrigated with NaCl solutions of 0, 50, and 100 mM. Shoot growth of A. canescens declined 37% as NaCl treatments increased from 0 to 100 mM while shoot growth of A acanthocarpa was not significantly affected by salinity. The high salt tolerance of A. acanthocarpa was linked to a high accumulation of leaf sodium (Na) (7- to 13-fold higher than A. canescens). A. acanthocarpa had also higher growth rate than A. canescenes, making the former species a good candidate for cultivation, especially under saline conditions. Tissue concentration of potassium (K) in both species was minimally affected by the salinity treatments. Leaf nitrogen (N) concentration increased as plants faced higher salinity treatments, especially in A. canescens. The high salt tolerance and higher Na accumulation of A. acanthocarpa make this species an attractive choice for reclamation of saline areas. We suggest A. acanthocarpa should be explored as viable forage for cultivation and for reclamation of degraded areas just as A. canescens has been throughout the world.     

河西走廊北部荒漠草地长爪沙鼠防治指标研究

长爪沙鼠是河西走廊北部荒漠草地的优势鼠类,危害严重。古浪县位于河西走廊东部,北部荒漠草地的长爪沙鼠,5月鼠密度在29．1只／hm^2～52．3只／hm^2之间,至9月造成牧草损失586kg／hm^2。通过调查鼠密度和牧草损失量,结果充分显示长爪沙鼠的种群密度与其造成的损失量之间呈明显的正相关关系,其回归方程式为：M=13．96×-8．10。通过防治及综合分析研究后提出在河西走廊的古浪县北部荒漠草地长爪沙鼠的防治指标为5．33只／hm^2,5月份防治。     

牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程

依照《农作物种质资源整理技术规程》,结合国家种质牧草中期库和多年生牧草圃在牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术方面取得的丰富经验,并针对存在问题制定“牧草种质资源繁殖更新技术规程”,使得牧草种质资源进行更科学的繁殖更新,为遗传完整且稳定的活种质的保存和利用提供依据。     

生物技术在牧草育种中的应用

综述了近20年来生物技术在牧草育种中的主要研究进展.包括植物细胞和组织培养在牧草种质资源保存、体细胞杂交和胚抢救技术在克服种间杂交障碍、分子标记和转基因技术在牧草品质改良、抗病虫、抗逆性育种和作为生物反应器等方面的应用前景.     

中国牧草种子国际贸易格局研究及启示

为抓住机遇快速发展中国牧草种子产业,本研究首先从国际贸易商品结构及地理分布等角度分析了中国牧草种子贸易现状,其次,探讨了中国牧草种子贸易的特点,在此基础上总结出中国牧草种子贸易的未来趋势及启示。结果显示,中国牧草种子需求量将会进一步增加、牧草种子进口量短期内将会继续保持高位,但主要牧草品种终将依赖国内市场解决供应;而当前紧迫的任务则是推动进口草种制度规范化建设、积极推进中国牧草种子专业化生产及实施科技兴草战略。     

我国苜蓿产业亟待振兴

随着我国畜牧业的快速发展,特别是奶牛业的崛起,对优质饲草尤其是苜蓿（Medicago sativa）的需求量将会越来越大。目前我国苜蓿产量低、品质差、供应量不足,不能满足市场的需求,进口苜蓿呈增加态势,2010年苜蓿的进口量已达22.72万t,对我国的苜蓿产业造成严重威胁。我国苜蓿产业发展受制于许多因素,一直处于徘徊不前状态,急需振兴。应尽快制定苜蓿产业发展战略规划,完善苜蓿生产补贴政策,鼓励科技创新,积极扶持苜蓿龙头企业,整合苜蓿产业资源,建设现代化苜蓿产业示范基地,推进我国苜蓿布局区域化、种植规模化、作业机械化、管理标准化和经营产业化发展,着力打造苜蓿产业带,增强我国苜蓿的综合生产能力和供应能力,推进奶-草一体化。