Comparative effects of applying leguminous and non-leguminous green manures and inorganic N on biomass yield and nitrogen uptake in flooded rice (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Oryza sativa</Emphasis> L.)

The beneficial role of green manures in rice production is generally ascribed to their potential of supplying plant nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). However, the mechanisms through which green manures enhance the crop productivity are poorly understood. Pot experiments were conducted using a ¹⁵N-tracer technique: (1) to compare the biomass production potential of sesbania (Sesbania aculeata Pers.) and maize (Zea mays L.) as green manuring crops for lowland rice and (2) to compare the effect of the two types of green manure and inorganic N on the dry matter accumulation and N uptake by two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars, viz. IR-6 and Bas-370. Although maize produced three times higher shoot biomass compared with sesbania, the latter showed higher N concentration; and thus the total N yield was similar in the two types of plants. Applying the shoot material of the two plants to flooded rice significantly enhanced the dry matter yield and N uptake by the two rice cultivars, the positive effects generally being more pronounced with sesbania than with maize amendment. The difference in the growth-promoting potential of the two plant residues was related more to an increased uptake of the native soil N rather than to their direct role as a source of plant-available N. A positive added nitrogen interaction (ANI) was observed due to both plant residues, the effect was much more pronounced with the application of sesbania than with maize residues. In both rice cultivars, inorganic N also caused a substantial ANI, particularly at higher application rate. Losses from the applied N were 2–3 times lower from sesbania, compared with maize treatment. Green manuring with sesbania also caused much lower N losses than the inorganic N applied at equivalent or higher rates. The overall benefit of green manuring to rice plants was higher than inorganic N applied at comparable rates. The two rice cultivars differed in their response to green manuring, IR-6 generally being more responsive than Bas-370.     

Root Plasticity Not Evident in N-Enriched Soil Volumes for Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Varieties

Root plasticity is a unique characteristic of root systems that may enhance the nutrient foraging capacity of plants. Here we investigated the effect of localized high nitrogen (N) concentration on plasticity of wheat and barley roots in soil. We conducted a series of experiments to maintain localized high concentration of N in soil and to evaluate any root morphological variation in the enriched N zone. Wheat and barley seedlings were grown in N responsive Red Ferrosol with an enriched subsurface N band for 12 days. Wheat and barley roots did not proliferate in N-enriched soil volumes. Rather, higher root length density (~1.6 times) was observed in low N surface soil. Shoot dry matter and shoot N uptake of banded N treatment was statistically similar between uniform and low N treatments. Results indicated the absence of plastic root response of the wheat and barley seedlings in subsurface N band.     

生物降解膜促进冬油菜养分吸收减少土壤硝态氮累积

针对普通地膜覆盖导致的农田环境污染和土地退化问题,通过2 a田间试验,从土壤有机质含量、硝态氮累积与分布、作物养分吸收和籽粒产量等层面出发,进行了普通地膜覆盖(PM)、生物降解地膜覆盖(JM)和露地(CK)栽培冬油菜的对比研究。结果表明,播种后60和150 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量、土壤硝态氮的累积和分布与PM处理无显著差异;播种后240 d,JM处理的土壤有机质含量显著大于PM处理,土壤硝态氮的累积量显著小于PM处理,且PM处理土壤硝态氮的淋洗下移峰值更大。PM和JM处理冬油菜的产量及地上部各器官的氮、磷、钾吸收量均显著大于CK,且PM和JM无显著差异。与PM处理相比,JM处理在播种后240 d时土壤有机质质量分数提高7.0%,土壤硝态氮累积量减少34.1%。可见,PM处理在冬油菜生育后期过分消耗地力,且残留在土壤中的硝态氮含量较高。该研究从土壤营养和作物养分吸收利用方面为生物降解地膜应用于农业生产的可行性提供了理论依据。     

不同施氮量对单季稻养分吸收及氨挥发损失的影响

 以杂交晚粳浙优12为材料,研究了不同氮素用量对单季晚稻养分吸收和氨挥发损失的影响。结果表明,施氮量在0~330  kg/hm2范围内水稻植株氮积累量、磷积累量及钾积累量均表现为随施氮量的增加而增加,施氮水平超过270  kg/hm2后增施氮肥反而降低水稻对氮磷钾的吸收。施氮量在150  kg/hm2时增施有机肥有助于杂交粳稻浙优12对土壤中氮素、磷素以及钾素的吸收利用。水稻拔节期至抽穗期为吸氮量最大时期,施氮量在0~270  kg/hm2范围内杂交粳稻浙优12各生育期植株氮积累量随着施氮量增加而增加。相关分析表明,水稻产量与水稻植株全生育期氮积累量、磷积累量和钾积累量极显著正相关,其中,与水稻吸氮总量的相关系数最大。氨挥发速率、累计氨挥发量随施氮量的增加而增加,以施用基肥阶段氨挥发速率最快,累计氨挥发量最高。在基肥氮肥和分蘖肥氮肥施入后,高施肥水平(270  kg/hm2、330  kg/hm2)下氨挥发速率均远高于其他处理,其中,施氮量330  kg/hm2处理施基肥后测得的累计氨挥发量占基肥施氮量的23.9%。     

“枣丰素”叶面肥对冬枣产量、品质和耐贮性的影响

利用"枣丰素"叶面肥对冬枣产量、品质和耐贮性的影响进行了试验。结果表明:125mg/kg浓度的"枣丰素"对冬枣果实含糖量、产量增加显著,果实在自然条件下货架期最长;喷施100、150mg/kg浓度的"枣丰素"对冬枣果实含糖量、产量增加不显著;在自然条件下货架期与对照比较,喷施100mg/kg浓度的冬枣果实有所延长,喷施150mg/kg浓度的冬枣果实较对照几乎没有延长。     

苦草对NH_4~＋的吸收动力学

以苦草为试验材料,研究了3种光照、3种pH和3种温度条件下苦草对NH4＋的吸收动力学以及苦草根叶的吸收差异。结果表明：弱酸性组（pH5.5）最大吸收速率和亲和力显著高于中性组（pH7.0）和弱碱性组（pH8.5）;亲和力随照度增大而增大,但中等光强组的最大吸收速率显著高于其他2组;温度试验中,最大吸收速率和亲和力先随着...     

叶面喷施硅素对玫瑰香果实风味物质的影响

【目的】研究叶面喷施不同剂量硅素对玫瑰香果实风味物质及常规品质指标的定向调控效果,为玫瑰香葡萄生产中合理叶面喷布硅肥、品质定向调控提供科学依据。【方法】采用气相离子迁移谱技术(GC-IMS),检测分析玫瑰香果实风味物质等指标。【结果】在叶面喷施硅素处理的玫瑰香果实中检测出挥发性有机物47种,其中定性了32种,主要包括酯类、醛类、醇类和酮类。与CK相比,硅素浓度为200X时,乙酸丁酯的峰体积增大56.28%;硅素浓度400X时,苯甲酸甲酯的峰体积增大176.45%;600X时,乙酸丁酯的峰体积增大42.52%。对比发现,2-戊基呋喃、正己醇(二聚体)、正己醇、3-甲基-3-丁烯-1-醇、乙酸乙酯、丙酸乙酯(二聚体)、3-甲基丁醛等物质随叶喷硅素浓度升高,体积逐渐减小甚至消失。【结论】600X与CK相似,200X与400X相似。400X时,玫瑰香葡萄糖含量最高,为17.04%;总酸含量最少,为0.35%。     

叶施谷胱甘肽对水稻镉和矿质元素含量的影响

为评估还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）作为水稻降Cd叶面调理剂的可行性,本研究通过田间试验,检测开花期叶面喷施一次GSH对水稻各器官Cd和矿质元素含量的影响,并结合各元素在水稻不同器官中的分布情况,探究GSH抑制水稻体内Cd转运的作用机制。结果表明：开花期叶面喷施GSH可显著降低水稻籽粒中Cd含量,最高降幅可达76.5%,使稻米Cd含量由0.449 mg·kg^-1降至我国食品安全标准（0.2 mg·kg^-1）以内,并提高了稻米中K、Mg、Ca和Mn的含量。喷施GSH后水稻各营养器官的Cd含量均显著降低,降幅为68.8%~86.7%;同时,不同器官中K、Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn和Zn的含量也有不同程度的升高或降低。不同相邻器官之间的元素转移系数显示,叶面喷施GSH分别提高了Cd和Zn从第二节间到穗下节的转移系数,增幅可达46.2%和134.4%,降低了Cd和Zn从穗下节到旗叶的转移系数,降幅分别为44.5%和32.2%,并降低了Cd从穗下节继续向上到穗颈的转运系数,降幅可达31.4%。相关性分析发现,不同处理组水稻第二节及以上营养器官中,Zn含量与Cd含量相关系数最高,为0.809,为极强正相关（P<0.001）。由此可见,喷施GSH不但降低了水稻各器官中Cd含量,而且能够通过调控穗下节与其相连营养器官——穗颈、第二节间和旗叶之间的Cd转运,提高水稻自身主要Cd阻控器官——穗下节对Cd的拦截能力,进而抑制Cd向籽粒的转运和积累。同时,喷施GSH也提高了水稻穗下节对Zn的固定能力,改变了水稻不同营养器官中6种矿质元素的含量和分布,其中Zn与Cd的相关性最高,并最终提高了稻米中K、Mg、Ca和Mn的含量。     

Growth,P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability

The aim of the present study was to assess the role of soil type on growth, P uptake and rhizosphere properties of wheat and canola genotypes in an alkaline soil with low P availability. Two wheat (Goldmark and Janz) and two canola genotypes (Drum and Outback) were grown in a calcareous soil (pH 8.5) at two P levels [no P addition (0P) or addition of 200 mg kg⁻¹ P as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ (200P)] and harvested at flowering or maturity. Shoot and root dry weight, root length and shoot P content were greater in the two canola genotypes than in wheat. There were no consistent differences in available P, microbial P and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere of the different genotypes. Shoot P content was significantly positively correlated with root length, pH and phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere. The microbial community composition, assessed by fatty acid methylester analysis, of the canola genotypes differed strongly from that of the wheat genotypes. The weight percentage bacterial fatty acids, the bacteria/fungi (b/f) ratio and the diversity of fatty acids were greater in the rhizosphere of the canolas than in the rhizosphere of the wheat genotypes. In contrast to the earlier studies in an acidic soil, only small differences in growth and P uptake between the genotypes of one crop were detected in the alkaline soil used here. The results confirmed the importance of root length for P uptake in soils with low P availability and suggest that the rhizosphere microbial community composition may play a role in the better growth of the canola compared to the wheat genotypes.     

小麦/玉米/大豆三熟套作体系中小麦根系分泌特性及氮素吸收研究

为探讨小麦/玉米/大豆多熟套作体系下小麦根系分泌物的分泌特性及其对根系生长环境和植株氮素吸收的影响,2006-2008年连续两个生长季采用田间定位试验,研究了小麦-大豆、小麦-甘薯、小麦/玉米/大豆和小麦/玉米/甘薯4种种植模式下小麦根系分泌物的数量与种类、小麦根系生长、土壤水分、土壤氮含量及植株吸氮量的变化特性。结果表明,与小麦-大豆和小麦-甘薯两种净作模式及小麦/玉米/甘薯套作模式相比,小麦/玉米/大豆套作降低了开花期和成熟期小麦生长区的土壤湿度、pH值及NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N的含量,提高了小麦植株地上部总吸氮量、根系活力、根干重及土壤总氮含量,并且,开花期小麦根系分泌有机酸总量和可溶性糖含量增加,表现为套作>净作,大豆茬口>甘薯茬口,边行>中行,其中以小麦边行处理的分泌量最高。拔节期根系分泌的有机酸,净作处理以乙酸含量较高,占总量的47.8%~51.6%,套作处理以柠檬酸含量较高,占总量的31.7%~55.1%;开花期根系分泌的有机酸,净作和套作处理均以乙酸含量较高,占总量的33.3%~78.3%。小麦/玉米/大豆套作对小麦根系分泌有机酸和可溶性糖有促进作用,从而改善了根系生长环境,提高了小麦对氮素的吸收。