再生稻气力式肥料集排装置的设计与试验

针对再生稻传统追肥作业中施肥量不均匀、肥料利用率低等问题,设计了一种气力式肥料集排装置。对影响施肥性能的主要因素进行四元二次回归正交旋转中心组合试验,以各行排肥量一致性变异系数作为评价指标建立回归模型,研究进肥角度、进肥高度、波纹管长度及排肥轴转速对各行排肥量一致性的影响。结果表明,影响此气力式肥料集排装置各行排肥量一致性变异系数的主要因素顺序为排肥轴转速>进肥角度>波纹管长度>进肥高度。采用Design-Expert10.0软件进行优化分析得出最佳的参数组合：进肥角度54°、进肥高度216 mm、波纹管长度200 mm、排肥轴转速47 r·min^-1,此时各行排肥量一致性变异系数为1.71%,施肥均匀性较好,能够满足再生稻追肥要求。     

A model of seasonal foliage dynamics of the subtropical mangrove species Rhizophora stylosa Griff.growing at the northern limit of its distribution

Background： Progress of forest production in response to the environment requires a quantitative understanding of leaf area development. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the dynamics of seasonal crown foliage in order to understand the productivity of mangroves, which play an important role in the subtropical and tropical coastlines of the world. Method： Crown foliage dynamics of the mangrove Rhizophora styloso were studies to reveal patterns of leaf recruitment, survival and seasonal leaf area growth. Results： Flushing of leaves occurred throughout the year, but both flushing and leaf area growth pattern of leaves varied with season. Maximum flushing occurred in summer, but leaf areas did not differ significantly with season. The half-expansion period is longer, and the intrinsic rate of increase was lower in winter. Summer flushed leaves grew faster at their initial stage and reached their maximum area over a shorter period of time. The difference in temperature and air vapor pressure deficit （VPD） between summer and winter contributed to the present dynamics of foliage patterns. The mean leaf longevity was estimated to be 13.1 month. The crown foliage area was almost stable throughout the year. Conclusions： Homeostatic control of the crown foliage area may be accompanied by the existence of ecophysiological mechanisms in R. stylosa. Integrating crown foliage dynamics into forest models represents an important step towards incorporating physiological mechanisms into the models for predicting growth responses to environmental changes and for understanding the complex responses of tree growth and litter production.     

纳米银对华南毛蕨切叶的保鲜效应研究

试验探讨了新型抗菌剂纳米银(nano-silver,NS)预处理对华南毛蕨(Cyclosorus parasiticus)切叶采后的保鲜效应。结果表明,用0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L NS溶液预处理华南毛蕨切叶24 h后再瓶插于去离子水中,可显著延长该切叶的瓶插寿命。进一步研究发现,NS预处理可显著改善华南毛蕨切叶的水分代谢,并有效延缓其鲜重下降和叶片萎蔫。     

The Potential for Plants to Trap Emissions from Farms with Laying Hens: 2. Ammonia and Dust

The potential for plants to trap NH₃ and dust [particulate matter (PM)] discharged from a layer house through the exhaust fans was evaluated at The Pennsylvania State University Poultry Education and Research Center in August 2006. Poultry and livestock NH₃ emissions are a concern for air quality, surface deposition, and animal and human health. Particulate matter is a human health concern as well and is regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in nonattainment areas. A vegetative buffer comprising 5 tree species was planted in pot-in-pot containers in 5 rows downwind from 4 henhouse fans, with 1 control row of plants upwind from the fans. When measured with a photoacoustic NH₃ detector at fan elevation (1.5 m), NH₃ concentrations decreased sharply (P ≤ 0.0001) with greater distance, from 71.1 ppm at 0 m (at the fan) to 2.1 ppm at 5.5 m (between rows 2 and 3), 0.3 ppm at 10 m (after row 5), and 0.1 ppm at 50 m (control). This trend was also observed with colorimetric dosi-tubes and a photoacoustic detector at 0.3- and 3.0-m elevations. Significantly lower NH₃ concentrations were recorded at both the 0.3- and 3.0-m elevations in the presence of the trees compared with when the trees were removed from their pot-in-pot containers, suggesting that a portion of the atmospheric NH₃ was being trapped by the plants. This was further supported by greater foliar N concentrations in plants when measured downwind from the fans (P ≤ 0.0001). Dust concentrations sampled downwind from the fans were greatest at 2.5 m and decreased linearly to 50 m (P ≤ 0.0001). Plant PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and total PM washed from the foliage showed the same significant linear trend with greater distance from the fans. Plants also showed unique species differences in their capacity to trap and hold NH₃ and PM that can be applied in practical recommendations. These findings indicated vegetative buffers are capable of trapping NH₃ and PM fan emissions from poultry facilities.     

高粱抗蚜品种叶片化学物质含量的分析

以高粱叶片为试材，对高粱叶片的化学物质进行分析，结果表明：高粱叶片中的可溶性总氮、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸，特别是必需氨基酸，在感蚜品种中的含量显著比抗蚜品种的含量高，且感蚜品种叶液偏酸，抗蚜品种近中性。     

玉米苗枯病的发生及药剂处理种子对该病控制作用的研究

自1998～2002年对鲁西北玉米主产区苗枯病进行了调查研究,田间调查表明玉米苗枯病的发生与土壤类型、苗期降雨量、品种抗性及种子带菌率等多种因素有关.病原鉴定结果得知玉米苗枯病是由串珠镰刀菌(Fusarium moniliforme)、禾谷镰刀菌(Egraminearum)、玉米丝核菌(Rhizoctonia zeae)等多种真菌引起.药剂拌种可明显减轻病害发生,用种子量0.15%的适乐时、卫福、多菌灵拌种防治效果分别为95.63%、92.82%、84.31%,尤其使用适乐和卫福处理玉米种子,田间出苗率高、苗健壮、叶色浓绿,值得推广使用.     

Genotypic variability in vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor L for foliage yield and its contributing traits over successive cuttings and years

Summary Twenty nine strains of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus tricolor were grown for two successive seasons to study different selection parameters for foliage yield and its nine contributing morphological and quality traits. The strains AV-38 (5.06 kg/plot) and AV-31 (5.04 kg/plot) recorded highest foliage yield, followed by AV-30 (4.78 kg/plot) and AV-23 (4.70 kg/plot). The protein and carotenoid content averaged 1.24 ± 0.03 mg/100 mg and 0.83 ± 0.02 mg/g respectively. The leaves of A. tricolor also have considerable quantities of ascorbic acid (112.33 ± 5.00 mg/100 g) and fibre (8.39 ± 0.10%). The mean of individual cuttings for plant height, leaf size, stem diameter, foliage yield, protein, ascorbic acid and fibre content increased with successive cuttings till third cutting and thereafter showed a decline. Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) values ranged from 6.80 to 28.25%. However, the fibre content, branches/plant, leaves/plant, plant height and stem diameter showed lowest values of GCV. The values of heritability estimates were high for all the traits in all the cuttings as well as on pooled basis and ranged from 0.89 for branches/plant to 0.98 for foliage yield. Highest expected genetic advance was noticed for ascorbic acid (57.48%), followed by foliage yield (48.30%) and leaf size (29.51%).     

论厚层客土喷播技术的植物群落目标设定和植物种选配

 为建立稳定、高效的人工植物群落,必须对厚层客土喷播技术中的植物选择与植物群落的目标进行科学的确定。认为植物群落目标的设定应以遵循保证坡面稳定性的前提,实现与周围景观相协调,并且维护管理量小等原则。在此基础上,综合分析不同群落类型的生态稳定性以及影响因素,认为植物选择要以乡土植物为主,并按照恢复目标合理确定初期密度。坡面自身稳定性以及客土喷播层的质量,也是影响恢复植物群落能否顺利向设定目标群落方向演替的重要因素。     

典型双季稻田基施碳酸氢铵和尿素的氨挥发损失研究

采用密闭室连续抽气法研究了湖南典型双季稻田,尿素和碳酸氢铵基施后的氨挥发特征。结果表明,基施碳酸氢铵(NC)稻田初始氨挥发强度和氨挥发总量大于基施尿素(UR)稻田。早稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为45.19 kg·hm-2,损失率达30.12%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为32.93 kg·hm-2,损失率达21.95%;晚稻季NC处理稻田氨挥发排放量为70.91 kg·hm-2,损失率达31.93%,UR处理氨挥发排放量为61.78 kg·hm-2,损失率达27.04%。基施尿素能够显著降低稻田氨挥发排放,减少氮素损失。     

不同有机肥料对基质培叶菜的营养效应研究

采用基质栽培试验研究了不同有机肥种类对叶类蔬菜(芹菜和生菜)硝酸盐和营养品质的效应。结果表明,在基质栽培施用无机肥的基础上,6种有机肥料降低芹菜根重和株高,除施用猪粪(PM)使芹菜显著增产(21.1%)、泥炭(PP)极显著减产(32.4%)外,其余有机肥处理的产量差异不显著;施用有机肥使生菜增产55.5%～132.7%(达极显著),其增产序列依次为稻草(RS)>鸡粪(CM)>泥炭(PP)>玉米秆(MS)>菜籽饼(RM)>猪粪(PM)。2种叶菜的硝酸盐以芹菜成倍高于生菜,在无机肥基础上施用有机肥料对芹菜硝酸盐的影响不明显,但却大幅度(39.6%～70.8%)提高生菜硝酸盐含量,降低其卫生品质。有机肥各处理对两种叶菜Vc、可溶性糖、氨基酸等营养品质的效应差异大,对芹菜以提高作用为主,而对生菜则主要表现为降低。6种有机肥中,以猪粪和菜籽饼对芹菜,猪粪和鸡粪对生菜的产量和品质效应良好。