废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油研究

研究在高压反应釜中,利用Zr O2/Al2O3/Ti O2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂,催化废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油。考察了温度、时间、催化剂添加比例、物料质量比等因素对废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油的影响。得到适宜的制备条件为反应温度430℃、反应时间40 min、催化剂质量分数15%、物料质量比1∶1,在此条件下,液体产物产率为65.9%。GC-MS分析表明,裂解液体中饱和烃类产物峰面积比例接近100%,其中97.85%为直链烷烃,并初步推断了废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解机理。产物的部分燃料油性能测定结果表明,裂解燃油热值明显高于生物柴油与0号柴油,密度和运动黏度符合0号柴油的标准,冷凝点和冷滤点均优于生物柴油,低温流动性好。     

牛血清白蛋白泡沫法提取庆大霉素产物快速检测方法的研究

采用醋酸纤维薄膜电泳法分离庆大霉素与牛血清白蛋白,再用紫外分光光度法测定蛋白质泡沫法提取庆大霉素含量的方法.该方法中,选择620 nm作定量峰,庆大霉素和氨基黑10B的结合物浓度在1.25～10μg/mL范围内,吸收度与浓度的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 6,回收率为100.59%.     

Determining cessation of brain activity during depopulation or euthanasia of broilers using accelerometers

The threat of avian influenza virus is a major concern for poultry growers worldwide. In response to avian influenza virus outbreaks in the United States and the existence of zoonotic strains causing human infection and death in Eastern Asia, a mass emergency depopulation method using water-based foam was developed for floor-reared broilers and turkeys. During foam depopulation, birds cannot be observed directly. As a result, several methods for monitoring bird activity during field depopulation research were explored. Accelerometers were found to be a simple, effective means of detecting motion and subsequently the cessation of motion after terminal convulsions ceased. In a previous study, it was shown that motion cessation may coincide with a lack of measureable brain activity. In this study, broilers were monitored with electroencephalograph, electrocardiograph, and motion sensors and treated with 1 of 3 methods of depopulation or euthanasia (Ar-CO₂ gas, CO₂ gas, or water-based foam). The differences between the accelerometer motion cessation and electrocardiogram signal stabilization were significant, as were the differences between motion cessation and electroencephalogram silence. Although the differences are statistically significant, these do not invalidate the use of an accelerometer to detect cessation of measurable brain activity during depopulation or euthanasia research.     

Performance characterization of rigid polyurethane foam with refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin

The two kinds of rigid polyurethane (PU) foams were prepared with respectively adding the refined alkali lignin and alkali lignin modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane to be instead of 15% of the polyether glycol in weight. The indexes of mechanical performance, apparent density, thermal stability and aging resistance were separately tested for the prepared PU foams. The results show that the mechanical property, thermal insulation and thermal stability for PU foam with modified alkali lignin are excellent among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The additions of the refined alkali lignin and modified alkali lignin to PU foam have little effect on the natural aging or heat aging resistance except for decreasing hot alkali resistance apparently. Additionally, the thermal conductivity of modified alkali lignin PU foam is lowest among two kinds of PU foams and control samples. The alkali lignin PU foam modified by 3-chloro-1,2-epoxypropane could be applied in the heat preservation field.     

豫北钢板平房仓隔热控温储存大豆应用试验

严格按照施工工艺要求,通过对钢板仓内表面喷涂5cm厚的聚氨酯发泡储存大豆试验,夏季仓温相比砖混高大平房仓要低1～2.8℃,豆堆上层粮温低0.8～3.0℃,大豆储存品质也较砖混高大平房仓效果要好,证明了豫北地区钢板平房仓隔热控温储存大豆的可行性。     

Processing of microcellular nanocomposite foams by using a supercritical fluid

Polystyrene/layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation. To examine the distribution of the clay in polymer matrix, small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used. Intercalated nanocomposites were obtained and their rheological properties were investigated. Microcellular nanocomposite foams were produced by using a supercritical fluid. As clay contents increased, the cell size decreased and the cell density increased. It was found that layered silicates could operate as heterogeneous nucleation sites. As the saturation pressure increased and the saturation temperature decreased, the cell size decreased and the cell density increased. Microcellular foams have different morphology depending upon the dispersion state of nanoclays.     

A new method for studying clay soils using unaltered soil blocks

The purpose of this paper is to outline a procedure for soil block extraction, which is highly appropriate for clay soils. The method described here is rapid and cheap and has been used successfully by us in clay soils in southern Spain for the last six years. A wooden box is used to shape the soil block in situ and protect it during its transport from the field to the laboratory. Polyurethane foam was selected as the bonding agent, between the wooden framework and the soil block in order to avoid any possible alterations of the soil. This type of foam is used because it is strong, durable and non-toxic. The polyurethane foam is applied to the soil block as a permanent coating. This technique allows us to extract the clay soil solution in the laboratory.     

含磷木质素/聚磷酸铵硬质聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能研究

在酸性条件下,先利用聚乙二醇、丙三醇对木质素进行液化反应制备得到液化产物,再通过苯膦酰二氯对液化产物进行改性制备出含磷木质素,并以含磷木质素为原料部分替代聚醚多元醇与多苯基甲烷多异氰酸酯反应,在添加等量的聚磷酸铵基础上,采用一次发泡法合成制备出含磷木质素/聚磷酸铵硬质聚氨酯泡沫。通过磷元素含量、红外光谱、扫描电镜、压缩性能、表观密度、极限氧指数、导热系数、烟密度总释放量等分析,系统评价了含磷木质素替代量对泡沫材料力学性能、热性能及防火性能的影响。结果表明：含磷木质素红外光谱在1350、1037、1200 cm⁻¹左右处出现了分别属于P=O伸缩振动峰、P—O—C（脂肪族）以及P—O—C（芳香族）的特征吸收峰,证明磷元素被成功引入至碱木质素结构;所制备的含磷木质素可以部分替代聚醚多元醇,与多苯基甲烷多异氰酸酯缩合反应生成聚氨酯泡沫;随着含磷木质素替代量逐渐从0%增加至34%,泡沫材料的颜色逐渐由白色转变为黄褐色,导热系数由0.073 W/(m·k)降低至0.055 W/(m·k),绝热保温性能显著提高,压缩强度先增加后略有降低,吸水率先升高而后逐渐减小。     

核桃壳粉液化产物大孔泡沫炭的制备研究

以核桃壳粉为原料,通过液化、树脂化等工艺制备可发泡液化产物树脂,并借助发泡法制备大孔泡沫炭,分析了发泡条件对泡沫炭的微观结构、表观密度、机械强度的影响。结果表明：液化产物与甲醛作用可以制备具有发泡性能的树脂,该树脂可用于制备泡沫炭;借助表观密度、抗压强度及微观构造图片分析发现,制备大孔泡沫炭的较佳条件为：固化剂用量5%~6%,发泡剂用量2%~3%,表面活性剂用量8%;选取发泡剂用量2%、固化剂用量5%、表面活性剂用量8%的制备条件进行验证试验发现,所制的泡沫炭的表观密度为0.34 g/cm³,抗压强度为6.7 MPa,孔径为40~70 μm,是一种泡孔均匀、开孔率较高的大孔泡沫炭材料。     

不同孔径泡沫铜填充对平板微热管传热特性的影响

为提升平板微热管传热能力,该研究以毛细力为出发点,将丝网芯-泡沫铜置于平板微热管中每一独立微细热管内部,使其与微槽芯组成复合吸液芯。通过调节平板微热管蒸发段加热功率的大小,研究反重力（倾角,即平板微热管与水平面之间的夹角小于0°）、微重力（倾角等于0°）及重力（倾角大于0°）工况下的传热特性及不同孔径泡沫铜对传热性能的影响。结果表明：反重力条件下,当倾角小于-10°时,平板微热管性能明显恶化,复合吸液芯对平板微热管传热无强化作用;添加孔径分别为0.2、0.5和0.8 mm泡沫铜的平板微热管在微重力或重力作用下传热性能明显强化,最小热阻分别为0.13、0.17和0.13 K/W;有效导热系数增加率分别为3.57、2.43和3.54。研究结果可为平板微热管强化传热提供数据参考,拓展其在热控领域中的应用范围。