水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响

本研究通过设置土壤含水量为15%、10%、5%三个水分胁迫处理,测定各处理的叶绿素荧光,研究水分胁迫对葡萄叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:随着胁迫强度的加强,可变荧光(Fv)下降 ,PSⅡ的原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)和光量子产额(Yield)减少,光电子传递效率(etr)降低;恢复过程中,15%胁迫容易恢复,10%胁迫较易恢复,5%胁迫不能恢复.Fv 、Fv/Fm、etr、Yield对胁迫和恢复反应敏感,都可以作为葡萄抗旱品种快速鉴定的指标,Fv的可靠性最强.光化学淬灭系数(qp)和非光化学淬灭系数(nqp)在胁迫初期都逐渐变大,在胁迫后期出现相反对应的变化趋势,在恢复过程中比较稳定,反应了葡萄在受到水分胁迫时的光合调节和自我保护能力,但qp和nqp不宜作为快速鉴定抗旱品种的指标.     

甘蔗杂交后代主要荧光性状的遗传力及配合力分析

以6×3不完全双列杂交NCⅡ）衍生的18个家系实生苗为材料,对主要荧光性状PSIⅡ原初光能转换率（FvFo）、PS Ⅱ潜在活性（FvFm）、光合量子产额（Y）、光化学猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学猝灭系数（qN）的遗传力和配合力进行分析。结果表明∶FvFo,FvFm、Y、qN、qP的遗传主要受基因的非加性效应所制约,这些荧光性状的广义遗传力（h?）变幅为27.46%个44.38%;亲本赣75-65和崖84-153各荧光性状一般配合力为正值且较大,是配合力较好的高光效亲本;根据配合力总效应,综合表现较好的高光效组合有赣75-65崖84-153,,,桂69-156×崖84-153、CP81-1254崖 84-153,CP65-357崖82-96。     

海水网箱养殖中的排污收费问题研究

网箱养殖是近年来海水养殖业发展的主流趋势,在其带来巨大经济效益的同时,也对周边生态环境造成巨大的威胁和破坏。文章通过探析其经济学原因,提出通过排污收费的手段来解决高密度海水网箱养殖带来的环境问题,并建立确定排污税率标准的模型,以部分黄渤海地区的数据进行实证计算,得出各地区的排污税率以供参考。     

Evaluation of coral bleaching condition <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer

ABSTRACT:   Photosynthetic activities of hermatypic corals (28 genera, c . 68 species and c. 92 specimen) were measured in November 2000 at Sekisei lagoon, Okinawa, Japan, using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) ranged from 0.61 to 0.70 and had an average value of 0.664 (standard deviation [SD], 0.0289). Following the measurement of Fv/Fm, quantum yield (Fm'-F)/Fm' at eight-leveled actinic-light intensities were obtained from all specimens. Values of electronic transport rates (ETR) were nearly the same under low photosynthetic active radiation (PAR; µmol quanta/m² per s) condition and varied with increasing PAR. The value of ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s ranged from 21.3 to 30.0 and had an average of 27.8 (SD, 2.09). In August 2001, a coral bleaching event was observed in Sekisei Lagoon. During the event, photosynthetic activities of 21 specimens of eight species (seven genera) were measured. By applying two indicators, Fv/Fm and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s obtained in August 2000, 18 of 21 specimens were suggested under the bleaching process. In case of Porites lutea , seven colonies were visually evaluated for their condition of bleaching and were found to have two 'normal', three 'slightly bleached' and two 'heavily bleached'. From the density of zooxanthellae, colonies evaluated 'normal' or 'slightly bleached' did not show an apparent difference. However, they were clearly identified by Fm/Fv and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s.     

TCD燃烧系统对柴油机燃烧和排放性能改善效果的试验研究

为探究道依茨TCD2015柴油机上配备的导流燃烧系统(简称TCD燃烧系统,T表示涡轮增压器,Turbocharger,C表示进气中冷,Charge air cooling,D为柴油颗粒捕集器,Diesel particle filter)对改善柴油机燃烧性能和降低污染物排放的效果,采用单缸机试验对TCD燃烧系统在不同转...     

锑胁迫对玉米生物量、光合特性及锑积累的影响

为了探讨锑污染对经济作物玉米的生长及光合生理的影响,以高产多抗玉米品种滑玉14为材料,通过盆栽试验的方法研究了不同浓度[0(CK)、50、250、500和1 000 mg·kg~(-1)]重金属锑(Sb)胁迫对玉米生物量、气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及锑积累特征的影响。结果表明,随着生长介质中Sb浓度的增加,玉米生物量、叶绿素含量、气体交换参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)和PSⅡ最大光能交换效率(Fv/Fm)均呈下降趋势,瞬时水分利用效率(i WUE)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均呈上升趋势。高浓度Sb(1 000 mg·kg~(-1))胁迫下,玉米的生物量,叶绿素含量、净光合速率和Fv/Fm显著减少(P0.05),分别比CK下降了47.90%、34.22%、52.70%和7.84%;iWUE和MDA显著升高(P0.05),分别比CK升高66.71%和34.02%。随着生长介质中Sb浓度的增加,玉米地下及地上部分锑含量均呈现增加的趋势,各处理之间的差异均达到显著水平(P0.05),转运系数也呈现逐渐增加的趋势,然而其值(在0.52~0.82之间)均小于1,表明高产多抗玉米品种滑玉14向地上部位转运锑相对较少,这可能有利于保护该玉米品种叶片的光合机构,增强植株对锑的耐受能力。本研究结果为经济作物玉米应用于重金属污染土壤修复提供了一定的参考依据。     

降雨对干旱半干旱区湿地和农田土壤CO_2短期释放的影响

本研究以巴音布鲁克湿地和农田灰漠土原状土为研究对象,进行原位模拟降雨试验,利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动测量系统测定土壤的CO_2排放,研究了不同降雨量对土壤CO_2排放的影响。结果表明:降雨导致湿地土壤CO_2释放速率显著增加(P0.01),而农田土壤无显著差异。在其含水量无明显差异下,湿地不同降雨处理组的CO_2排放量均大于农田组,湿地土壤CO_2日累积排放量降水10 mm组降水20 mm组对照组,土壤有机碳高的湿地土壤随降雨量增加,土壤短期碳损失高,而对低有机碳土壤(西北干旱区贫瘠土壤)短期碳损失影响不显著。降雨后农田土壤降水10 mm组CO_2排放与地表温度和5 cm地温相关性极显著(P0.01),其他各处理均未呈现显著相关。说明在干旱半干旱区降雨量对土壤CO_2排放速率有着重要的影响。     

Proximal sensor-enhanced soil mapping in complex soil-landscape areas of Brazil

Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility (MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest (RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models (DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO₂ contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.     

不同剂量VB6、COB对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响

以富士/平邑甜茶(M.hupehensis)二年生幼树为试材,研究盆栽条件下土壤中施加不同剂量的维生素B_6(VB_6)和复合维生素B(C_OB)对苹果幼树生物学性状和理化性质的影响。于2016年在山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院果树根系实验室进行富士苹果盆栽试验。5月26对富士苹果土施VB_6、C_OB,剂量分别为0,0.02,0.03,0.04g/株。6—10月测定外源维生素条件下苹果幼树株高、茎粗,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,叶绿素相对含量,光合荧光参数以及根系的生长分布状况。研究表明,不同剂量VB_6和C_OB对苹果幼树株高、茎粗,植株生物量,叶面积,叶片抗氧化酶活性,光合荧光参数和根系分布情况有不同程度的影响。盆施不同剂量VB_6、C_OB显著改善了植株生长势,叶面积以VB_6 0.03g增加最显著为22%,植株地上部分以C_OB 0.04g处理对植株株高、茎粗和新梢长度增加最显著,株高、茎粗和新梢长度在10月相比对照分别增加了24%,34%和45%,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异;地下部分,VB_6 0.03g与C_O B 0.04g两处理对根系干鲜重、总长度、总体积和总表面积增加尤为显著,根尖数和根系分叉数也显著增加。VB_6 0.02g和C_OB 0.02g剂量下苹果幼树叶片抗氧化酶活性相比对照无显著性差异,VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g植株抗性得到显著性增强,抗氧化酶活性显著提高。此外,苹果幼树叶片叶绿素相对含量显著提高、光合荧光特性也得到显著性改善,且VB_6 0.03g与C_OB 0.04g两处理间无显著性差异。综合研究结果,VB_60.03g/株和C_OB 0.04g/株对苹果幼树的生物学性状和理化性质影响最显著,鉴于C_OB的有效施用剂量和市场价格均高于VB_6,推荐施用VB_6来改善土壤营养条件。