永康工业区绿化现状及发展对策

分析了永康市工业园区绿化现状及存在问题,提出了实行绿化"三同时"制度(同时规划设计、同时施工、同时验收),选用乡土树种、彩叶树种绿化,建成生态工业区、观光工业区的工业区绿化发展对策.     

Comparison of image and rapid field assessments of riparian zone condition in Australian tropical savannas

Suitable methods for measuring and monitoring the condition of riparian environments are being investigated by government agencies responsible for maintaining these environments in Australia. The objective of this work was to compare two riparian condition assessment approaches, the Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition (TRARC) method developed for rapid on-ground assessment of the environmental condition of savanna riparian zones and an image based riparian condition monitoring scheme. Measurements derived from these two approaches were compared and correlated. The sample representativeness of the TRARC method was evaluated and the cost-effectiveness and suitability for multi-temporal analysis of the two approaches were assessed. Two high spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird satellite images captured in 2004 and 2005 and coincident field data covering sections of the Daly River in the Northern Territory, Australia were used in this work. Both field and image data were processed to map indicators of riparian zone condition including percentage canopy cover, organic litter on the ground, canopy continuity, tree clearing, bank stability, and flood damage. Spectral vegetation indices, image segmentation, and supervised classification were used to produce riparian health indicator maps. QuickBird image data were used to examine if the spatial distribution of TRARC transects provided a representative sample of ground based estimates of riparian health indicators. Covering approximately 3% of the study area, the sample mean of the TRARC estimates of individual indicators of riparian zone condition were in most cases within 20% of the global mean derived from the whole imaged riparian area. The cost-effectiveness of the image based approach was compared to that of the ground based TRARC method. Results showed that the TRARC method was more cost-effective at spatial scales from 1 km to 200 km of river in relatively homogeneous riparian zones along rivers with only one channel, while image based assessment becomes more feasible at regional scales (200–2000 km of river). A change detection analysis demonstrated that image data can provide detailed information on gradual change, while the TRARC method is less suited for multi-temporal analysis due to the ranked data format, which inhibits precise detection of change. However, results from both methods were considered to complement each other for single date assessment of riparian zones if used at appropriate spatial scales.     

林火在空间上的波动性及其区域化行为

应用美国阿拉斯加州1950-2000年,加利福尼亚州1895-2001年及中国黑龙江省1980-1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火场质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象.结果表明:3个区域的林火的火场质心分别以一定的分布中心呈波动状态,其中火场质心在阿拉斯加州的分布中心为151.11°W、64.96°N,在加利福尼亚州的分布中心为120.02°W、37.11°N,在黑龙江省的分布中心为127.07°E、49.59°N.火场质心在美国阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州经度方向上均具有较强的周期性,阿拉斯加州的林火火场质心在经度方向的周期为4.2 a和6.25 a;加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在经度方向上的波动周期为6.24 a和106 a.黑龙江省的林火火场质心在经纬度方向均具有较为明显的波动性,其周期为3.3 a和6.67 a.而阿拉斯加州和加利福尼亚州的林火火场质心在纬度方向上不具有周期性,林火发生以低频率的大面积火灾为主.     

湖北乔灌复层防火林带模式研究

通过对湖北乔灌复层防火林带的研究表明:1、乔灌复层防火林带中乔、灌不同树种对土壤、气候等环境条件的要求相同或近似,灌木树种要有一定的耐阴能力,防火树种以乡土树种为主。2、防火林带内树种的基本配置方式有凸形配置和凹形配置2种,二者各有优势,在实际应用中,应根据具体情况综合运用,以提高林带防火能力。3、林带走向应与防火季节主风向垂直,在湖北绝大多数林带的走向以东西向为宜,林中应设计与坡向垂直的林带,林带造林密度大于常规造林密度。     

A Study on Water Exchange in Root Zone of ProtectiveForest Ecosystem in Loess Area

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Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with bark beetles onAbies veitchii in wave-regenerated forests

Relationships between tree mortality and bark beetle infestation onAbies veitchii at the wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Asahi, Okuchichibu area were investigated. Most of the firs with green needles and newly developed current year’s shoots in the dieback zone were heavily infested by bark beetles before the death of the trees. After heavy infestation of beetles, about half of the infested firs died within the year, and the other half died in the next year. When the species composition of bark beetles and associated ophiostomatoid fungi were investigated in Mt. Asahi and also at a typical wave-regenerated forest in Mt. Shimagare, Yatsugatake area,Cryphalus montanus andC. piceae were dominant beetle species for Mt. Asahi and Mt. Shimagare, respectively.Ophiostoma subalpinum andO. europhioides were dominant fungal species at both wave-generated forests. BecauseO. subalpinum was detected more frequently from deeper areas of sapwood thanO. europhioides, it was suggested that the fungal species may accelerate the death of stressed firs in wave-regenerated forests. Contribution No. 169, Laboratory of Plant Parasitic Mycology, Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Tsukuba.     

神农架地区珍衡植物沿河岸带的分布格局

Due to the importance of riparian zone in maintaining and protecting regional biodiversity, increasingly more ecologists paid their attentions to riparian zone and had been aware of the important effects of riparian zone in basic study and practical management. In this study, 42 sampling belts (10 m×100m) parallel to the bank of Xiangxi River at different elevations in Shennongjia Area were selected to investigate the riparian vegetation and rare plants. 14 species of rare plants were found distributing in riparian zone, accounting for 42.4% of the total rare plant species in Shennongjia Area. The main distribution range of the 14 rare plant species was the evergreen and deciduous mixed broadleaved forest at elevation of 1200–1800 m, where, species diversity of plant community was the maximum at the moderate elevation. The analysis of TWINSPAN divided the 14 rare species into 3 groups against the elevation, namely low elevation species group, moderate elevation species group, and high elevation species group. The analysis of DCA ordination showed similar results to that of TWINSPAN. In the paper, the authors discussed the reasons forming the distribution pattern of rare plant species, and pointed out that the important function of riparian zone on rare plant species protection. Foundation item: This project was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC39970123), and Changbai Mountain Open Research Station, Chinese Acadamy of Science. Biography: JIANG Ming-xi (1965-), male, associate professor in Wuhan Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, P. R. China Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai     

Planted conifer seedling growth under two soil thermal regimes in high-elevation forest openings in interior British Columbia

A field trial was conducted investigating the single season growth response of 1+0 313 PSB Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) seedlings planted into two different soil thermal regimes at three high-elevation locations spanning 200 km in the Engelmann Spruce-Subalpine Fir (ESSF) biogeoclimatic zone in the Cariboo Mountains of central British Columbia. Temperature treatments represented the extremes of soil temperature commonly found in high-elevation clear-cuts. A warm soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 18 to 25 °C at –10 cm) consisting of a bare mineral soil hummock (average dimensions of 100 cm × 100 cm × 40 cm) was contrasted with a cool soil treatment (clear day, mid-afternoon soil temperature in mid-summer of 10 to 13 °C at –10 cm) comprised of organic forest floor overlying mineral soil. By the end of the growing season, seedlings of both species planted into the warm treatment generally exhibited greater root, stem, foliage, and total seedling biomass than cool treatment seedlings. Measurements of root growth at 30, 60, and 90 days after planting showed that total root number and total root length were consistently greater for warm treatment seedlings than for cool treatment seedlings. Root growth was greater from the bottom rather than from the side of the root plug for all seedlings. These results suggest that the effect of low soil temperatures on outplanted styroblock conifer seedlings is pronounced and may be limiting growth performance in high-elevation plantations in British Columbia. We recommend silvicultural treatments that secure natural regeneration, ensure that warmer microsites are always planted, and utilize seedling stocktypes able to make rapid lateral root growth into warmer surface organic horizons.     

甘肃陇南地震扰动区植被群落特征

地震扰动对当地生态环境造成极大的破坏,引起植被群落种类组成、群落结构的变化,本研究采用样带结合海拔梯度的方法,于2013年8-9月,调查和研究了甘肃陇南武都区清水沟植被群落的种类组成、群落结构受地震扰动后的现状。结果表明,研究区内共发现34种植物,分属16科30属,主要以禾本科和菊科植物为主,群落垂直结构明显,大体分为3层;植物群落中多年生草本植物种类最多,是优势生活型,其次是灌木、藤本,无乔木分布;Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为中坡位下坡位上坡位,Simpson优势度指数(D)表现为上坡位下坡位中坡位。     

环境因子对密云水库消落带沉积物-水界面氮交换通量的影响研究

为探究不同环境因子对水库消落带沉积物中氮迁移释放的影响,以密云水库消落带为研究对象,采用原状泥柱静态培养实验,并通过单一影响因素法,开展了温度、上覆水pH、溶解氧对沉积物-水界面氮交换通量的影响研究。结果表明：消落带上覆水和沉积物中无机氮含量在夏季（落干期）和秋季（淹水期）存在明显的差异,其中沉积物中NH₄⁺-N含量变化最大,秋季较夏季下降80.4%,NO₃^--N含量下降59.7%,淹水期间三态氮（NH₄⁺-N、NO₂^--N、NO₃^--N）由沉积物释放到水中。温度、pH和溶解氧对消落带沉积物-水界面氮的迁移转化作用存在差异,升温促进NH₄⁺释放并抑制NO₃^--N释放,偏酸和偏碱条件会促进NH₄⁺-N的释放,有氧条件会加剧沉积物-水界面三态氮的交换,促进三态氮的释放。密云水库消落带沉积物C/N为7.51~9.35,其表层水体中的有机质主要来源于水体内部生物残体。因此,未来应关注密云水库消落带沉积物内源释放风险,同时完善消落带湿地建设,减少消落带氮流失对水体的污染。