不同施磷水平下温室冬春茬黄瓜日产量变化及其与光温环境的关系

针对设施蔬菜生产不合理施用磷肥问题,采用3年定位试验,研究滴灌条件下施用不同量磷肥后,温室冬春茬黄瓜的日产量变化、光温响应,及其产瓜高峰期,明确养分需求最大效率期和适宜施磷量。共设3个施磷水平,分别为不施磷P0处理、推荐施磷量P1处理和农民常规磷量P2处理。P1处理磷量参考基础土壤Olsen-P测试值、土壤磷素丰缺指标和目标产量推荐,单季施用P₂O₅ 300 kg · hm^-2。P2处理磷量按照调查所得河北省设施黄瓜生产磷肥平均用量设计,单季施用P₂O₅ 675 kg · hm^-2。结果表明,（1）3年日产瓜量变化均符合二次曲线特征,产瓜高峰出现在定植后97 ~ 104 d,此时温室早8：00 ≥ 10 ℃的累计气温为1 389.4 ~ 1 849.6 ℃,累计日照时数为629.0 ~ 866.8 h;根据温室内外气温回归关系,估算该时期温室日均气温23 ~ 27 ℃、活动积温约1 650 ~ 2 050 ℃,该阶段即为冬春茬黄瓜养分需求最大效率期。（2）与P2处理相比,P1处理减施磷56%后磷素供应满足了黄瓜产量建成需求,3年产瓜高峰出现时期、高峰期产瓜量和总产量均无显著改变。（3）连续不施磷肥高产黄瓜果实成熟推迟,2009年P0较P2处理产瓜高峰推迟16 d,产瓜高峰形成时已接近拉秧期。综上,在华北平原地区光温条件下,温室冬春茬黄瓜养分需求最大效率期在5月下旬至6月上旬,满足该时期养分适量供应有利于提高肥料利用效率;在与供试条件相近的温室,冬春茬黄瓜目标产量170 t · hm^-2时,P₂O₅施用量300 kg · hm^-2（较农民常规施磷量减少50%以上）能保证产瓜高峰期不滞后,产量不降低。     

芒果亲本始花期分析与利用研究

[目的]为芒果杂交育种工作提供理论依据。[方法]研究广州甘蔗糖业研究所海南甘蔗育种场59个常用芒果亲本与32个亲本摘花处理后连续3年的始花期。[结果]结果表明,亲本的始花期具有遗传力较高的性状,广义遗传力达0．9514164。亲本的始花期年际间差异在4～26d,平均为9．6d。年际间变化在0～10d内（含10d）的占66．2％,在10～20d内（含20d）的占33．9％。32个亲本摘花处理后的始花期年际间最大差异在1～20d,同一品系在同年份较亲本的始花期可推迟15～21d。[结论]采用摘花技术可使早花品系与迟花品系的花期相遇,达到杂交的目的。     

花后前期高温对玉米强弱势籽粒生长发育的影响

采用籽粒离体培养的方法,研究花后高温对玉米强、弱势籽粒的影响。结果表明,高温处理加快了强、弱势籽粒前期的灌浆速率,但降低了中后期的灌浆速率,导致粒重降低,且对弱势粒影响尤为显著,高温处理强、弱势粒成熟期粒重分别比对照低5.8%、17.4%;高温显著降低了籽粒不同灌浆时期的淀粉合成相关酶活性,从而使淀粉含量降低,强势粒的淀粉含量降低幅度小于弱势粒;与对照相比,高温处理后强势籽粒中的3-吲哚乙酸(IAA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著下降,赤霉素(GA₃)含量则无显著差异,而弱势粒IAA、ZR含量显著降低,但GA₃含量增加,可能是导致弱势粒干重受损较大的原因。     

几种化学调节剂及其组合对板栗雌花数量及结实性能的影响

用 BR、GA3 、PP3 3 3 、KH2 PO4 、H3 BO3 共 5种化学调节物质进行了叶面喷布试验 ,观察它们在板栗开花结果上的效应。结果表明 ,不同药剂、浓度及药剂组合对板栗母枝平均结果枝数、长度、每结果枝雌花序数 ,母枝平均雄花枝数 ,单果质量 ,三果率和空苞率的影响有明显的差异。综合考虑化学调节物质在提高板栗雌花量和果实产量 ,以及降低空苞率上的试验效果 ,最佳的化学处理为 BR0 .0 1mg· L-1 PP3 3 3 1g· L-1 KH2 PO4 7.5g· L-1 H3 BO3 5.0 g· L-1,可使板栗结果枝数目平均由 1.2个增加至 2 .833个 ,结果枝平均雌花数由 1.56 7个增加到 1.8个 ,平均空苞率由 30 .70 %降至 9.0 3%     

Flowering behaviour,male sterility and berry setting in tetraploid Solanum tuberosum germplasm

Summary Six hundred and seventy six accessions of cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum) from 25 countries, were studied for flowering and fruiting behaviour under long days (12–14 h). Flowering intensity ranged from dropping of floral buds just after initiation to profuse blooming. The majority (58.3%) of the accessions bloomed profusely, though 20.4% of the accessions did not bloom at all. Weeks to flowering ranged from 6 to 15 and the majority (66.5%) of the flowering accessions bloomed within 8 to 9 weeks after planting. Duration of flowering ranged from 1 to 10 weeks and the majority (68.1%) of the flowering accessions bloomed for 1 to 4 weeks only. Twentythree per cent of the flowering accessions were completely male sterile. Maximum male fertility was 90% only. No berry setting was observed in 31.8% of the flowering accessions. Only 54.3 per cent of the accessions were found to be fertile in all respects and could be used both as male and female parents. Premature bud abscission was the major cause of sterility. Peru was the best source of profuse-flowering genotypes, Poland was the best source of early flowering genotypes and Mexico was the best source of long duration flowering and good berry setting genotypes. The results suggested that flower bud formation; the growth and development of mature flowers; weeks to flowering and duration of flowering are independent characters controlled by different genes of quantitative nature. Berry setting and duration of flowering were closely associated (r=0.95). Genetic as well as environmental factors interfered with the developmental process leading to flower production and berry setting at different times in different genotypes. The practical implications of these results for true potato seed production are discussed.Publication No. 1298, CPRI, Shimla.     

新疆天山地区日照时数的气候特征

基于1961-2008年新疆天山地区23站日照时数的逐日资料,使用一元线性方程和M-K检验等统计方法,分析天山地区日照时数的时空变化特征。结果表明：①日照时数的气候分布存在明显的空间差异,呈东多西少,南多北少的分布特征。②区域平均日照时数均呈减少趋势,尤其在冬季和夏季。③四季除春季外日照时数均存在明显的年代际变化特征,...     

Influence of nitrogen application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought

Plants have evolved different mechanisms to survive under stress conditions. This field study was conducted to evaluate the influence of nitrogen (N) application on dry biomass allocation and translocation in two maize varieties under short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought. Two maize varieties, ‘Pioneer 30B80? and ‘Suwan 4452? receiving N at 0 (control), 160 (optimal) and 320 (supra-optimal) kg ha^?1 were subjected to short pre-anthesis and prolonged bracketing flowering periods of drought. Prolonged bracketing flowering period of drought had more suppressive effect on anthesis-silking interval, dry matter allocation and translocation, leaf greenness, contribution of current assimilates to grain (CCAG), kernel number, kernel weight and kernel yield of two maize varieties than a short pre-anthesis drought. Nitrogen application at optimal level was the best for all traits, except CCAG. The maize variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? performed better under both drought types due to more root xylem vessels of large size and more accumulation of dry matter in leaves and roots than the variety ‘Suwan 4452?. Therefore, the variety ‘Pioneer 30B80? may be planted in drought prone environments and may be used in breeding program aimed at developing drought-tolerant cultivars.     

短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育时期短日照诱导对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【方法】以小豆早熟品种白红2号和晚熟品种唐山红小豆为试验材料,于出苗-分枝、分枝-开花和出苗-开花3个生育时期进行短日照(10h光/14h暗)诱导,研究其对小豆籽粒品质的影响。【结果】2个小豆品种出苗至开花和鼓粒至成熟期的时间均较对照(自然光照)提前,白红2号的处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)、处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)开花至结荚期分别提前3和1d,所需积温和累积日照时数减少,处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)延迟1d;唐山红小豆3个处理的开花至结荚期及2个品种结荚至鼓粒期的时间都延迟,所需积温和累积日照时数增加。白红2号各处理的籽粒长、籽粒宽、单粒质量、单粒体积及千粒质量较对照升高,但差异不显著;唐山红小豆处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)的籽粒长、籽粒宽和单粒体积较对照稍有增加,其余处理都降低,单粒质量和千粒质量各处理都降低,其中处理Ⅰ(出苗-分枝)和处理Ⅲ(出苗-开花)与对照差异显著,处理Ⅱ(分枝-开花)与对照差异不显著。2个品种的发芽率较对照升高且晚熟品种更明显。经短日照处理后,2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖、蛋白和总氨基酸含量有不同程度的降低,白红2号的淀粉含量较对照升高,唐山红小豆降低,但差异均不显著;不同生育时期经短日照诱导后的累积日照时数与2个小豆品种籽粒中的可溶性糖和蛋白含量极显著正相关,与总氨基酸含量显著正相关,与白红2号籽粒中的淀粉含量达到显著相关,而与唐山红小豆籽粒中的淀粉含量相关性不显著。【结论】短日照诱导使2个小豆品种在不同生育时期的积温和累积日照时间不同,籽粒品质下降,分枝-开花这一生育时期对小豆籽粒品质的影响最大。     

甘蔗开花生物学特性及花粉活力研究

在温室内观察甘蔗开花动态,用TTC法测定甘蔗花粉活力,联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。结果表明:花穗上小蠡花开放顺序,一般是自上而下,由外至内;ROC22和科五花粉活力于开花第1天达到80%以上,第2天有小幅度上升,之后迅速降低,第7天仅采到少许花粉,但活力仍在32%左右。甘蔗雌蕊柱头开花前1天具有可授性,自交授粉后的1~2 d内保持强可授性,之后柱头迅速变黑枯萎;未授粉柱头花开后的9 d内一直保持靓丽的艳红色,具强可授性。柱头可授性的最佳时期为开花后第1~9天,甘蔗的最佳授粉期为母本开花2 d后再授以父本花粉,4 d内即可完成杂交过程。     

猪体细胞核移植电融合参数的研究

试验旨在研究不同电融合参数(场强、脉冲时程)对猪核移植胚融合率及发育能力的影响。采用44～48h成熟培养的去核猪卵母细胞作为受体细胞,颗粒细胞为供体。结果表明,在20μs脉冲时程条件下,0.8kV·cm-1组融合率显著高于0.4、1.2、1.6kV·cm-1组(P0.05)。0.8、1.2kV·cm-1组卵裂率显著高于0.4、1.6kV·cm-1组(P0.05)。场强为0.8kV·cm-1条件下,20μs组融合率显著高于30、40、50μs组(P0.05)。卵裂率20、30μs组显著高于40、50μs组。根据试验数据,本试验室最佳融合电参数为:0.8kV·cm-1、20μs,1次脉冲。