Variations in vernalization requirements among ecotypes of Festuca hallii

Plains rough fescue (Festuca hallii [Vasey] Piper) is an important forage grass species in the Northern Great Plains of Canada. Its seed is in demand for forage production and habitat restoration, but erratic seed production limits supply. A comprehensive understanding of factors influencing flowering and seed production in this species is needed. This study evaluated the morphological and phenological variation among six ecotypes of F. hallii from Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Seeds were germinated, and seedlings were grown in the field and then transplanted to a greenhouse in November. Plants not flowering in the greenhouse were vernalized under 5°C and 8-h light for 11 weeks. In a separate experiment, plants were subjected to temperature regimes of 15/5°C, 10/0°C and 5/−5°C with day-length treatments of 12 h, 8 h and a gradually changing daylength from 12 to 8 h respectively. This study demonstrated the existence of considerable variation in morphological and phenological characteristics, and in growth and vernalization requirements among ecotypes of F. hallii. Vernalization requirements were not met for the ecotype from the Moist Mixed Grassland Ecoregion when it was grown under common conditions, whereas ecotypes from other ecoregions were vernalized in at least one of the 2 years in the field experiment. Northern ecotypes tended to flower earlier after artificial vernalization treatments. Overall, 15/5 to 5/−5°C d per night temperature regimes with photoperiods between 12 and 8 h were effective in inducing flowering. The seed source of F. hallii should be regarded as an important consideration affecting its use, both for habitat restoration and for forage production.     

菜薹种质遗传多样性的荧光MFLP标记分析

采用M13通用接头连接锚定引物,建立了适合于菜薹的荧光微卫星锚定片段长度多态性（MFLP）技术;在此基础上,从360对选择性扩增引物组合中筛选出9对适宜的引物组合,对收集的32份菜薹种质进行等位基因多态性分析;结果显示这些引物组合的扩增产物在32份菜薹种质中的等位基因多态性在10 ~ 31之间,平均为17.7个;多态性信息量在0.61 ~ 0.98之间,平均0.81。利用获得等位基因多态性进行的遗传相似性分析表明,32份菜薹种质间的相似系数在0.277 ~ 0.836之间,平均0.624;基于多态性数据,运用除权配对法（UPGMA）进行聚类分析,将这些菜薹种质材料分为2个组群和4个亚群。这些结果显示荧光MFLP标记技术能有效地发现供试菜薹种质材料的DNA多态性,表明该技术在菜薹遗传特性分析的研究和应用领域具有可行性。     

被子植物开花时间和花器官发育的表观遗传调控研究进展

成花转换是被子植物生活周期中的关键发育过程,植物通过调控基因表达模式而整合多条内外开花信号实现成花诱导。近几十年来,学者们为阐释植物成花转换的分子机制做了大量的分子遗传学研究。其中,影响植物生长发育的表观遗传修饰是调控成花转换过程的重要分子机制之一。表观遗传调控是植物在适宜环境条件下实现开花诱导和花器官发育的决定性因素。综述了有关开花时间和花器官发育的表观遗传学研究进展,包括染色质重塑、组蛋白甲基化和miRNAs。     

Quantitative trait loci mapping of seed colour,hairy leaf,seedling anthocyanin,leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in F2 population of Brassica rapa L.

A diversity arrays technology (DArT) map was constructed to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting seed colour, hairy leaf, seedling anthocyanin, leaf chlorosis and days to flowering in Brassica rapa using a F₂ population from a cross between two parents with contrasting traits. Two genes with dominant epistatic interaction were responsible for seed colour. One major dominant gene controls the hairy leaf trait. Seedling anthocyanin was controlled by a major single dominant gene. The parents did not exhibit leaf chlorosis; however, 32% F₂ plants showed leaf chlorosis in the population. A distorted segregation was observed for days to flowering in the F₂ population. A linkage map was constructed with 376 DArT markers distributed over 12 linkage groups covering 579.7 cM. The DArT markers were assigned on different chromosomes of B. rapa using B. rapa genome sequences and DArT consensus map of B. napus. Two QTL (RSC1‐2 and RSC12‐56) located on chromosome A8 and chromosome A9 were identified for seed colour, which explained 19.4% and 18.2% of the phenotypic variation, respectively. The seed colour marker located in the ortholog to Arabidopsis thaliana Transparent Testa2 (AtTT2). Two QTL RLH6‐0 and RLH9‐16 were identified for hairy leaf, which explained 31.6% and 20.7% phenotypic variation, respectively. A single QTL (RSAn‐12‐157) on chromosome A7, which explained 12.8% of phenotypic variation was detected for seedling anthocyanin. The seedling anthocyanin marker is found within the A. thaliana Transparent Testa12 (AtTT12) ortholog. A QTL (RLC6‐04) for leaf chlorosis was identified, which explained 55.3% of phenotypic variation. QTL for hairy leaf and leaf chlorosis were located 0–4 cM apart on the same chromosome A1. A single QTL (RDF‐10‐0) for days to flowering was identified, which explained 21.4% phenotypic variation.     

花后前期高温对玉米强弱势籽粒生长发育的影响

采用籽粒离体培养的方法,研究花后高温对玉米强、弱势籽粒的影响。结果表明,高温处理加快了强、弱势籽粒前期的灌浆速率,但降低了中后期的灌浆速率,导致粒重降低,且对弱势粒影响尤为显著,高温处理强、弱势粒成熟期粒重分别比对照低5.8%、17.4%;高温显著降低了籽粒不同灌浆时期的淀粉合成相关酶活性,从而使淀粉含量降低,强势粒的淀粉含量降低幅度小于弱势粒;与对照相比,高温处理后强势籽粒中的3-吲哚乙酸(IAA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)含量显著下降,赤霉素(GA₃)含量则无显著差异,而弱势粒IAA、ZR含量显著降低,但GA₃含量增加,可能是导致弱势粒干重受损较大的原因。     

气候变化对我国刺槐、紫丁香始花期的影响

该文探讨了1963—1988年间北京地区刺槐、紫丁香始花期对气温、日照及降水变化的响应以及我国不同地区这两种树木始花期与不同时段气温变化之间的相关关系.结果显示,临近始花期,气温对始花期早晚的影响最显著,日照次之,降水量最弱.气温升高、日照时数增加,始花期提前;而降水量增加,始花期推迟.气温对始花期产生影响的时段主要集中在春季及冬末,影响最显著的时段是始花前2～8旬,即从2月上旬到始花日期之间的时段.春季气温越高,始花期越早,而上年夏、秋、冬季的气温对始花期没有显著性影响.不同地区,春季平均气温、最高气温及最低气温对始花期均有影响,一般而言,最高气温的影响最强,而最低气温的影响最弱,这3种气温的升高使始花期均有提前的效应.     

花期干旱胁迫对籼稻近等基因系育性的影响

 以27份形态性状发生突变的标记基因材料杂交并多次回交所构建的近等基因系及其轮回亲本浙辐802（早籼稻）为材料,于水稻主穗见穗至此后15 d进行干旱胁迫,研究花期干旱胁迫条件下各品系的育性与农艺性状和耐旱性生理性状的关系。试验结果表明,花期干旱胁迫使株高受抑,上3叶绿叶面积减少,稻株干物质量和结实率显著下降,材料的耐旱性与结实性无关。根据干旱胁迫指数将该近等基因系分为钝感（结实率下降<30%）、耐旱(结实率下降幅度在31%～50%)、不耐旱（结实率下降幅度在51%～80%）及敏感（结实率下降幅度>80%）4类,轮回亲本浙辐802为干旱敏感材料。具有卷叶、披叶等传统的耐旱性状的近等基因系未能表现出较强的耐旱性,而具有黄绿色叶与金黄色的谷色的近等基因系则有较高的耐旱性。     

施肥对油菜主要生长期CH4排放的影响

以巢湖油菜田优化施肥(YH)、秸秆施肥(JG)、习惯性施肥（CG）和不施肥（CK）4种施肥类型为研究对象,利用静态箱--气相色谱法测定了油菜生长期间的CH4的排放通量,同时对土温、土壤含水量和空气湿度进行测定,得出油菜田温室气体CH4的排放通量有明显的时间变化特征。与CK相比,YH、CG、JG 3种施肥类型下CH4的排放分别增加了21.50%、27.33%、29.87%。通过对数据进行相关性分析,实验期间CH4的排放通量从整体上与10 cm以下温度正相关、YH处理的土壤含水率与CH4通量在0.05水平显著正相关。     

带有黄绿叶色标记的香型籼稻不育系形态特征及开花习性

我们对3个含有黄绿叶色标记的香型籼稻不育系黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A和正常绿叶不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的形态特征及开花习性进行了调查分析。结果表明：黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系同正常叶色不育系Ⅱ-32A、G46A的叶色差异显著,易肉眼识别,其外部形态特征为植株叶片及颖壳呈黄绿色,黄标A株系株高（41.5～56.5cm）比Ⅱ-32A（59.5cm）、G46A（60.4cm）要矮,以黄标3A的播始期85d比Ⅱ-32A短8d、比G46A长7d,穗长、穗平着粒与Ⅱ-32A、G46A相当,千粒重比Ⅱ-32A、G46A高出1.8g和1.47g,其中颖尖、叶鞘、叶耳及叶片边缘呈紫红色。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的柱头外露率、张颖角度都高于Ⅱ-32A和G46A,柱头生活力供试不育系间存在着生理功能的差异。包颈长度Ⅱ-32A最长,黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A与G46A相当;半包颈长度黄标1A、黄标2A和黄标3A相当（3.0～3.5cm）、而Ⅱ-32A最长（5.0cm）、G46A次之（4.5cm）。黄标1A、黄标2A、黄标3A不育系的开花动态相似,曲线呈双峰型,开花高峰为开花后的第2～5天,与Ⅱ-32A的开花动态相似,但Ⅱ-32A有明显的低谷,而G46A曲线呈单峰型。不同不育系所开的颖花数并不一样,以开花第8天统计开花数以黄标2A最多,其次是黄标3A,黄标1A和对照Ⅱ-32A开花数相同,而G46A到第8天开花结束。黄标1A、黄标2A的开花盛期与Ⅱ-32A一致,为开花后第5天,而黄标3A与G46A一致,为4d。参试不育系每天上午10：00时初花、11：00～12：30时为开花盛期,只有G46A表现出迟花特性。     

三七开花期间几种生理指标变化*

 为了了解三七开花过程中的生理变化以及开花影响因素,为今后三七的育种工作提供相关的理论基础,因此通过对三七开花过程的观察,初步将三七的开花过程分为始花期、盛花期和末花期3个时期;测定各时期花和叶的过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量等指标的变化。结果表明：POD,CAT活性以及可溶性糖含量都于盛花期达到最大值后,又在末花期逐渐下降;同时,可溶性蛋白也在末花期达到最大值,这几种指标都随三七开花而呈大致相同的变化,推测三七开花与这几种生理物质代谢有关,可初步将其作为三七开花的生理指标。