铁皮石斛组织培养研究进展

在介绍铁皮石斛的自然生长条件和繁殖状况的基础上,从种子的无菌萌发、器官发生诱导、原球茎发生与分化成苗、细胞培养、试管开花等方面阐述了近年来关于铁皮石斛组织培养的研究概况,并初步分析存在的问题及发展方向。     

花期高温胁迫对水稻花药生理特性及花粉性状的影响

为探明花期高温胁迫对水稻花器官的影响机制,以耐热水稻品系996和热敏感水稻品系4628为材料,在人工气候室进行高温(8:00~17:00,37℃;17:00~次日8:00,30℃)和适温处理(8:00~17:00, 30℃;17:00~次日8:00,25℃), 研究高温胁迫对水稻花药抗氧化酶活性、膜透性、MDA含量及花粉性状等生理特性的影响。结果表明,高温胁迫下,水稻花药中SOD、POD、CAT、AsA-POD活性在高温胁迫初期均明显增加,尔后快速下降,耐热品系996这四种酶活性增幅大于热敏感品系4628;热敏感品系4628花药中MDA含量和膜透性在高温胁迫下增幅大于耐热性品系996;高温胁迫导致花药开裂、花粉萌发率和柱头上花粉粒数的显著下降,花粉粒直径增大。但耐热品系996的前3项参数显著高于热敏感品系4628。高温胁迫下水稻花药中保持较高抗氧化酶活性、较好的花粉散落特性和花粉萌发特性及较低的膜透性和MDA含量,是品种耐高温的生理基础。     

海岛棉GbMFT1基因的克隆及表达分析

通过RT-PCR和RACE技术,从新疆海岛棉品种新海14中克隆得到了一个MFT (MOTHER OF FT AND TFL1)类似基因,命名为GbMFT1基因(GenBank登录号为KC513744)。GbMFT1基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为528 bp,编码175个氨基酸的蛋白,含一个磷脂酰乙醇胺结合蛋白(PEBP)结构域。GbMFT1蛋白的羧基端含有MFT蛋白都含有的脯氨酸。系统进化树分析表明GbMFT1编码产物与葡萄、番茄亲缘关系较近,属于同一进化分枝。实时荧光定量PCR分析表明,GbMFT1基因在棉花的不同组织中均有表达,在花瓣中的表达量较高;在纤维发育的不同时期中均有表达,在开花后2 d的胚珠、9 d的纤维中表达量最高。半定量RT-PCR结果表明,GbMFT1基因在刚萌发的种子中表达量高,用不同浓度的ABA处理种子后其表达变化不明显,表明GbMFT1基因的表达不受ABA的调节。     

长春市木本植物春季物候对气候变化的响应

根据中国物候观测网络长春观测站点的物候资料及国家气象中心提供的气象资料,采用相关分析、多元回归分析和数学模拟方法,分析了2003-2010年长春市木本植物春季物候与温度、日照、降水之间的相关关系,建立了模拟和预报4种木本植物开花始期的模型。结果表明：在各种气候因子中,温度对春季物候影响最大,日照、降水影响不显著;温度对春季物候影响集中在物候期前2个月,温度升高,春季物候期提前。春季物候期持续日数与1、2月份温度有关,分别与芽萌动期和展叶期成正相关和负相关。开花始期回归模型预测值与物候观测数值拟合较好,表明可以使用回归模型对长春几种木本开花期进行预测。     

障碍型冷害对石河子棉区花铃期棉花生长的影响研究

为了明确棉花主栽品种耐冷性及障碍型冷害的量化指标,达到及时预报,减轻损失的目的。运用智能人工气候箱,在新疆石河子棉区乌兰乌苏农业气象试验站内,于2003-2005年进行低温冷害模拟试验,研究花铃期棉花在经受不同范围和时长的低温后,其植株的受害程度。结果表明,低温处理之后,棉花的叶片、蕾和幼铃都出现异常脱落,经过11.5~18.5℃处理2~4天的其叶片在第8天后才开始异常脱落,其减少率≥35%,并呈持续减少的趋势,而其蕾、幼铃在第6天后就开始异常脱落,减少率≥55%;经过11.5~22.5℃处理2~4天其叶片减少率≤25%,并在处理后的第18~23天基本保持稳定,其蕾、幼铃减少率≥70%。说明花铃期棉花在受冷害之后,其蕾、幼铃先于叶片出现异常脱落,其减少率大于叶片,经过2种相同最低温度不同最高温度的处理,温度日较差小的叶片减少率较高。     

‘Niigata S3’ is a new strawberry cultivar suitable for forcing culture under low temperature and insolation conditions

‘Niigata S3’ is a new strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivar that is early flowering and possesses high soluble solid content and good coloration. It was selected from a cross between Kei812 (seed parent) and ‘Asuka-Ruby’ (pollen parent). The first harvest date of ‘Niigata S3’ was December 27, 34 days earlier than ‘Echigohime’ and 9 days earlier than ‘Asuka-Ruby’ (means of 2007 and 2008). The marketable yield of ‘Niigata S3’ was 85% of ‘Echigohime’, 107% of ‘Asuka-Ruby’, while the early yield was 145% of ‘Echigohime’, 85% of ‘Asuka-Ruby’ (based on 2007 and 2008 means). The shape of the fruit is long conical, and its skin color medium-red. The fruit skin hardness of ‘Niigata S3’ was 31.5 g/mm², which was harder than ‘Echigohime’, and its average soluble solid content was 11.4%, which was higher than the values for ‘Echigohime’ and ‘Asuka-Ruby’ (2008). Furthermore, ‘Niigata S3’ did not bear apical overripe fruit. This new cultivar is adaptable to the climatic conditions of Niigata, as well as other regions that experience low winter temperatures and insolation.     

Performance of Three Adelphocoris spp.（Hemiptera： Miridae） on Flowering and Non-flowering Cotton and Alfalfa

The genus Adelphocoris（Hemiptera： Miridae） is a group of key insect pests in cotton fields in China that includes three dominant species： A. suturalis（Jakovlev）, A. lineolatus（Goeze） and A. fasciaticollis（Reuter）. Previous field surveys have found that adults of these Adelphocoris species usually move onto specific host plants when the plants enter the flowering stage. To determine the potential trade-offs for this host-plant preference behavior, the performance of these three Adelphocoris spp. on flowering and non-flowering cotton and alfalfa were compared in the laboratory. The results showed that Adelphocoris spp. had significantly higher nymphal developmental and survival rates, along with increased adult longevity and fecundity on flowering cotton and alfalfa than on non-flowering plants of either species. In addition, compared with cotton plants, alfalfa generally promoted better performance of these three Adelphocoris species, especially for A. lineolatus. Simple correlation analysis indicated that female adult longevity was positively correlated to male adult longevity and female fecundity, and female fecundity was positively correlated to nymphal development and survival rates. This study demonstrated a positive correlation between adult preference and offspring/adult performance for all three Adelphocoris species, with no evidence of any trade-offs for this preference for flowering host plants. These findings support the hypothesis that hemimetabolous insects such as mirid bugs have positive adult preference-adult/nymphal performance relationships, which is likely due to the similar feeding habits and nutritional requirements of adults and nymphs.     

不同生育时期乙烯利处理对花生生物量的影响

为了确定花生生产过程中乙烯利的最佳喷施时期及用量,以湘花2008为材料,通过大田试验研究了盛花期和幼果期分别喷施不同浓度的乙烯利对花生生物量的影响。结果表明:盛花期喷施乙烯利会导致植株提前衰老,不利于生物量的形成;幼果期喷施200~500 mg/L乙烯利,可提高整个生育期花生的叶干重和单株荚果产量,有利于花生生物量的形成。     

甘蔗开花生物学特性及花粉活力研究

在温室内观察甘蔗开花动态,用TTC法测定甘蔗花粉活力,联苯胺-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。结果表明:花穗上小蠡花开放顺序,一般是自上而下,由外至内;ROC22和科五花粉活力于开花第1天达到80%以上,第2天有小幅度上升,之后迅速降低,第7天仅采到少许花粉,但活力仍在32%左右。甘蔗雌蕊柱头开花前1天具有可授性,自交授粉后的1~2 d内保持强可授性,之后柱头迅速变黑枯萎;未授粉柱头花开后的9 d内一直保持靓丽的艳红色,具强可授性。柱头可授性的最佳时期为开花后第1~9天,甘蔗的最佳授粉期为母本开花2 d后再授以父本花粉,4 d内即可完成杂交过程。     

膜苞鸢尾的开花特性及繁育系统

为探究膜苞鸢尾(Iris scariosa Willd ex Link.)在自然生境下有性生殖能力和生殖特点,利用原生境和人工栽植地的控制性试验,对其种群的花部特征、传粉媒介、杂交指数(OC,I)、花粉/胚珠比(P/O)等进行研究。结果表明:膜苞鸢尾葶生两朵花,花被片6,内外各3枚,雄蕊短于花柱,与柱头高度相差约2.72 mm,在花朵开放的整个过程中,雄蕊紧贴花柱外侧,雌、雄蕊相对位置不变;杂交指数为4,花粉/胚珠比为1 246,套袋试验表明,其不具备无融合生殖能力,自花授粉不亲和,繁育系统为异交。自然生境下的有性生殖能力受到缺少传粉昆虫的影响。