太湖地区有机与常规种植方式下稻麦轮作农田温室气体短期排放特征

为探明有机种植模式对农田温室气体排放的影响,以太湖地区有机与常规种植模式下稻麦轮作农田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测农田温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放的动态变化特征,并运用温室气体增温潜势(GWP)和排放强度(GHGI)进行温室效应估算。结果表明:在稻麦轮作季,有机与常规种植模式下温室气体排放通量整体动态变化趋势基本一致。在稻季,有机种植土壤CH_4排放总量为195.56 kg·hm~(-2),显著高于常规种植(119.77 kg·hm~(-2)),而CO_2和N_2O排放总量与常规种植无显著差异;在麦季,有机种植土壤CO_2、N_2O和CH_4排放总量分别为12 554.92、1.44 kg·hm~(-2)和7.02 kg·hm~(-2),常规种植土壤分别为8 096.61、2.67 kg·hm~(-2)和6.74 kg·hm~(-2)。稻季有机种植土壤温室气体GWP和GHGI显著高于常规种植,而在麦季常规种植较高。在整个稻麦轮作季,有机种植模式下温室气体GWP和GHGI分别为6 501.69 kg CO_2-eq·hm~(-2)和0.44 kg·kg~(-1),显著高于常规种植模式(4 745.38 kg CO_2-eq·hm~(-2)和0.37 kg·kg~(-1))。有机种植模式在稻季温室气体减排方面无明显优势,但是有利于麦季农田土壤温室气体的减排。     

粮豆轮作补贴政策效果及影响因素分析——以黑龙江省海伦市和嫩江县为例

随着耕地轮作休耕制度试点的推进,轮作补贴是否真正起到作用,及其制度试点效果如何等问题成为政策制定者及社会各界高度关注的热点。本文以黑龙江省为例,基于轮作试点区农户调研微观数据,运用Heckman两阶段模型和Tobit模型,分析轮作补贴对轮作试点区农户轮作行为和农户经营效率的影响,探讨轮作政策下农业经营效率的影响因素。结果表明,78.63%的农户认为有必要进行轮作,63.63%的农户认为轮作能够改善耕地质量;轮作补贴对于农户轮作行为有显著的正向影响,轮作补贴每增加1个单位,农户进行轮作概率增加0.3%;轮作补贴对经营效率改进并不明显,经营效率更多的还是受劳动力成本、农业经营利润、农业直接投入和农业保险费的影响。因此,为进一步推进轮作试点的实施,完善耕地生态补偿机制,提出3点建议:1)补贴标准可以通过拓宽轮作补贴来源方式加以提高;2)补贴侧重点仍应聚焦于新型农业经营主体;3)轮作补贴的模式要与提高科技水平相结合。     

稻田不同免耕轮作模式对土壤性质的影响

为研究稻田不同免耕轮作模式对土壤性质的影响,基于2004年在成都平原建立的耕作定位试验,以当地传统麦稻周年旋耕+无秸秆还田(CW-CR)模式为对照,设置麦稻周年免耕+秸秆还田(ZW-ZR)和油稻周年免耕+秸秆还田(ZO-ZR)2种免耕轮作处理,2014年后分层取样测试土壤物理、化学性质和主要酶活性。结果表明:和CW-CR相比,连续免耕配合秸秆还田促进土壤有机碳和碱解氮含量的提高,土壤表层(0～7.5 cm)增幅分别为41.3%～52.2%和33.6%～33.7%,差异达显著水平。免耕模式不同土层有效钾含量显著低于对照模式,降幅19.8%～25.7%。连续免耕促进直径2 mm的水稳性团聚体的大幅增加,但对不同土层容重、孔隙度和最大持水量等物理性质及土壤酶活性影响较小。周年免耕条件下,麦稻模式较油稻模式更利于表层土壤5 mm水稳性团聚体的形成,其他多数指标无显著差异。0～7.5 cm土壤质量指数(Soil quality index,SQI)排序为ZO-ZRZW-ZRCW-CR。连续免耕可以提高小麦和油菜产量,但水稻产量不及对照模式,ZW-ZR和ZO-ZR模式平均降幅8.7%和4.6%。本研究条件下,免耕可改善稻田土壤质量,ZO-ZR模式优于ZW-ZR模式,但土壤质量的改善与水稻生产力的提高不同步。     

耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性——以曲周县为例

为研究耕地利用强度评价方法的县域休耕适用性,以曲周县为例,对比基于种植强度、农业投入产出、土地集约利用、土地利用时序性的4种耕地利用强度评价体系。结果表明:1)基于土地利用时序性和基于投入产出的耕地利用强度评价方法对曲周休耕的适用性较好,可从宏观层面辅助区域休耕决策;2)基于种植强度和基于土地集约利用的耕地利用强度评价结果与曲周县耕地利用特征较为不符,不宜应用于曲周县休耕。4种评价方法均是对区域耕地利用强度的宏观评价,若从微观层面评价耕地利用强度,制定具体休耕措施需引入地块尺度的区分不同耕作方式的指标。     

The Effect of Planting Oilseed Rape and Compost Application on Heavy Metal Forms in Soil and Cd and Pb Uptake in Rice

Pot experiments were conducted under greenhouse condition to investigate whether Cd and Pb uptake by rice could be reduced when it was rotated with oilseed rape and compost application. The results showed that the rice grown after oilseed rape had significantly lower Cd and Pb concentrations in both straw and grains. Cd and Pb concentrations in the grains of the rice rotated with oilseed rape decreased by approximately 46-80% and 17-86%, respectively, although the Cd and Pb removal by oilseed rape ranged only from 2.39-3.67 and 0.032-0.13% of the total content in soil. Compost amendment also decreased the bioavailability of Cd and Pb in the soil and reduced Cd and Pb uptake by oilseed rapes and rice. The concentrations of Cd and Pb significantly decreased in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and Pb concentration decreased in the organic matter and sulfide fractions in the contaminated soil after planting oilseed rapes.     

冀中南小麦/玉米轮作氮素循环及高效利用研究

[目的]为小麦／玉米轮作体系的氮素优化管理提供依据。[方法]在冀中南小麦／玉米轮作体系自然生产条件下,对2。土体氮素循环及盈亏变化进行研究。[结果]小麦／玉米轮作周期氮素变化呈“M”型;氮素纵向移动性较强,深层土壤仍含有较高量氮素。『结论]在当前生产条件下,小麦／玉米轮作氮素循环呈盈余状态,氮肥施用应以减、控为主。     

宁夏灌区不同类型农田土壤氮素累积与迁移特征

在宁夏灌区选择设施菜田(n=4)和水旱轮作大田(n=4),通过田间多点取样观测和室内分析的方法,研究了2种类型农田土壤氮素累积与分布特点,以及其迁移对浅层地下水的影响。结果表明,设施菜田0~150 cm土壤剖面溶解性总氮(TSN)、硝态氮(NO₃^--N)和溶解性有机氮(SON)含量都显著高于大田,前者分别是后者的1.5~5.6、1.5~3.4倍和1.6~9.8倍。设施菜田土壤氮素主要累积在0~5 cm和5~20 cm土层,而大田主要在40~100 cm土体。设施菜田和大田土壤溶解性总氮占全氮比例分别在5.4%~11.5%和2.2%~4.9%之间,前者的淋失风险较高。设施菜田各形态氮素累积量表现为SON>NO₃^--N>NH₄⁺-N,大田为NO₃^--N>SON>NH₄⁺-N。设施菜田浅层地下水中TSN、NO₃^--N和SON含量也都显著高于大田,前者平均含量分别是后者的9.5、13.8倍和7.0倍。因此,硝态氮和溶解性有机氮都是2种类型农田氮素累积的主要形态,也是浅层地下水污染的重要来源。     

天津地区保护地常用茄子嫁接栽培技术及茬口安排

总结了适宜天津周边地区保护地茄子嫁接生产的栽培方法、砧木及接穗的选择种类,提出了保护地茄子嫁接的常见问题及其解决方法,并针对目前天津地区保护地蔬菜栽培的种植习惯和要求,介绍了合理的种植茬口安排。     

长三角地区稻麦轮作土壤养分对秸秆还田响应-Meta分析

研究旨在明确稻麦轮作下秸秆还田对土壤基础养分的影响。以稻麦轮作系统为研究对象,采用Meta分析方法定量研究了土壤基础养分对秸秆还田的响应及其影响因素。结果表明,短期内(<2年)秸秆还田能够显著提升土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的含量,其中活性有机碳对秸秆还田的响应程度要高于总有机碳。低秸秆还田量(RS <3750 kg hm^-2和WS <3000 kg hm^-2)对土壤基础养分的提升效果不显著,而全量秸秆还田(RS 3000~6000 kg hm^-2和WS 3750~7000 kg hm^-2)能够显著提升土壤速效磷、有机碳和活性有机碳的含量。对于不同耕作措施而言,旋耕或翻耕措施均可以显著提升土壤有机碳的含量;此外,旋耕显著提高全氮和活性有机碳的含量,翻耕显著提高土壤速效磷和速效钾的含量。稻麦轮作下秸秆全量还田配合旋耕或者翻耕措施能够增加土壤基础养分含量,达到土壤地力培育的效果。     

Diversity and abundance of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) in soil under 90-year potato monoculture in relation to crop rotation

The monoculture cropping system causes significant changes within the soil ecosystem, which constitutes a habitat for soil-dwelling springtails. Focusing on the response of soil fauna to 90 years of potato cultivation in monoculture the study investigates the abundance and diversity of soil-dwelling springtails, considering changes in the soil environment in relation to five-crop rotation. Another point was the soil quality evaluation using Collembola as bioindicators (QBS-c index). A long-term monoculture experiment was established in Poland in 1923 and has continued uninterruptedly to the present time. Soil samples were taken over a period of three years (2011–2013) to determine collembolan abundance and composition, as well as physical and chemical soil properties.

The study demonstrated that there were greater numbers of Collembola in the long-term monoculture of potatoes, especially before planting time, compared to numbers in a five-field crop rotation. At the same time apparently greater species diversity was found in potato culture within crop rotation. The biological indicator of soil quality based on the occurrence of springtails (QBS-c) has proved useful in assessing changes in soil caused by agrotechnical activities. This index indicated better biological soil quality in the five-field rotation system compared to monoculture.