水稻剑叶角度与主穗产量的遗传剖析

理想水稻株型的选育与高产育种密切相关,而剑叶角度则是构成水稻理想株型的重要指标之一,同时也是影响水稻产量的重要因素.合理开发利用水稻中控制剑叶角度及产量相关的数量性状基因座位(QTL),并结合分子育种技术,可更好地为高产制繁种目标服务.通过应用由244个株系组成的珍汕97B/密阳46重组自交系(RIL)群体,构建含256个分子标记的连锁图谱,采用QTL区间作图法对剑叶角度及主穗产量等5个性状进行定位分析,共检测到17个QTL,分布于染色体1、2、3、5、6、9、10、11.这些QTL对相应性状的贡献率介于3.46～25.64%之间.在第1染色体上检测到控制5个性状的QTL,其中控制剑叶角度的两个QTL;在第2、3、9、10、11染色体上分别检测到各一个QTL;第5染色体上检测到控制剑叶、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数的3个QTL;1个每穗实粒数和2个每穗实粒重的OTL分布于第6染色体上.多个区间表现出对两个性状的显著作用,其中第1染色体2个,第6染色体1个.相关性分析表明,较小的剑叶角度可通过提高结实率进而显著增加产量.     

行距和氮肥运筹对烟农19号小麦旗叶衰老生物学特性的影响

[目的]为烟农19号小麦栽培提供依据。[方法]以烟农19为试材,研究了行距、基肥和追肥比例对其过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量和旗叶叶绿素含量的影响。[结果]行距、氮肥基肥和追肥比例及其互作效应对POD和SOD活性,旗叶MDA和叶绿素含量均有明显影响;行距为16 cm时,基肥和追肥比例为4∶6的处理,小麦POD、SOD活性和叶绿素含量始终最高,MDA含量最低。行距为20、24 cm时,基肥和追肥比例为5∶5的处理,小麦POD、SOD活性均较高;行距为20 cm、基肥和追肥比例为5∶5的处理,小麦POD、SOD活性、叶绿素含量始终比其他处理高,MDA含量始终最低。[结论]行距为20 cm、氮肥基肥和追肥为5∶5时,烟农19的栽培效果最好。     

施氮对旱地冬小麦旗叶衰老及其活性氧代谢的影响

【目的】揭示施氮量对冬小麦旗叶叶片衰老及其活性氧代谢的影响,为冬小麦的合理施氮提供理论依据。【方法】设置4个施氮梯度(0,138,276和345 kg/hm2),测定分析各施氮处理冬小麦旗叶叶绿素和丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等指标的变化规律。【结果】在小麦开花后各时期,4个施氮处理中,以276 kg/hm2处理冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量最高,叶片衰老迟缓,代谢强度降低缓慢,过氧化程度低,其他处理较276 kg/hm2处理叶绿素含量及衰老指标等均有所下降。【结论】适量施氮(276kg/hm2)可提高冬小麦旗叶叶绿素和可溶性蛋白质含量及SOD和CAT活性、降低膜脂过氧化程度,过量施氮(345kg/hm2)反而促进了冬小麦旗叶的衰老。     

利用染色体片段置换系(CSSLs)群体检测水稻剑叶形态性状QTL

2007和2008年对以粳稻Asominori为受体、籼稻IR24为供体的染色体片段置换系(chromosome segment substitu-tion lines,CSSLs)群体的剑叶形态性状(剑叶长、宽、长宽比及叶面积)进行了相关性分析和QTL检测。结果表明:不同剑叶形态性状间存在极显著的正相关性,剑叶形态性状与单株产量间也存在极显著的正相关性。利用基于完备复合区间作图方法的QTL检测软件(QTL IciMapping V2.0)进行QTL的联合定位分析,两年共定位到17个控制剑叶形态性状的QTL,分布在第1、2、4、6、7和8等多条染色体上,贡献率为5.30%～32.22%。其中位于第2染色体RM262标记位点控制剑叶长宽比性状的qRFLW2的贡献率最大,对改良剑叶长宽比性状具有重要的育种价值,而在第1染色体RM5496标记、第2染色体RM262标记、第7染色体RM248和RM455标记附近以及第8条染色体RM331位置上存在同时控制剑叶长、宽和叶面积的QTL簇,可为协同改良水稻剑叶形态性状的分子育种提供有用信息。     

干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种花后旗叶生理特性的影响

在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对不同小麦品种旗叶某些生理特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦开花后旗叶的相对含水量、可溶性蛋白质含量和保护酶系统SOD、CAT和POD活性均降低,膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量升高,产量也随之下降。与水浇地品种相比,旱地品种青麦6号和鲁麦21旗叶的相对含水量、可溶性蛋白质含量相对较高且下降缓慢,SOD、CAT和POD活性降低的幅度比较缓和,随着干旱胁迫MDA含量继续积累的速度缓慢,产量及产量构成因素降低的幅度小。青麦6号与鲁麦21相比,旗叶的相对含水量、可溶性蛋白质含量和SOD、CAT、POD活性较高,MDA含量较低并且最终产量较高,说明青麦6号在干旱胁迫条件下能保持一个相对较优的生理状态,其代谢功能和抗旱能力较强。     

小麦不同生育时期超氧物歧化酶活性与脂质过氧化作用的初步研究

1989—1990年连续两年的试验结果表明,小麦植株衰老随超氧物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低、丙二醛(MDA)含量增高而加深。旗叶在不同生育时期SOD活性表现为波动变化。灌浆后期旗叶中SOD、CAT活性维持在稍高水平,而根系、穗下第二节间酶活性已处于极低水平。在衰老过程中,SOD和CAT活性与丙二醛含量存在极显著负相关关系,SOD和CAT之间呈显著正相关。由此认为,SOD、CAT活性降低,脂质过氧化作用加强是小麦衰老原因之一。     

The Influence of Crop Rotation with an Increasing Content of Cereals on Photosynthetic Potential of Winter Wheat

In years 1982–1985 flag leaf area, concentration of chlorophyll and macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na) and also their correlations to grain yield in static field experiment were studied. The main experimental plots comprised crop rotations containing 50, 75, 100% cereals. Treatments with or without irrigation were subplots and nitrogen levels (0, 60, 120, 180 kg N/ha) were sub-sub-plots.
The cultivation of winter wheat in rotations containing more than 50% cereals affected the drop of winter wheat grain yield, which was especially high on the plots without nitrogen fertilization or with low N level. The dose of 120 kg N/ha gave the highest grain yield in each rotation and, at the same time, decreased to minimum the differences between them, although wheat grown in the full cereal rotation yielded much less. The response of wheat grain yield to previous crop was affected by photosynthetic potential of a plant, which was constituated by flag leaf area and concentration of chlorophyll. The deteriorating nutrient economy in wheat plants grown in rotations containing more than 50% cereals decreased the photosynthetic potential of wheat. In addition, in these rotations the importance of macronutrients concentration in the flag leaf at anthesis as a source of nutrients for the developing grain is visible.     

根区限制及氮营养对杂交小麦生长的影响

To study the physiological effects of small root zone, plants of a hybrid wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Meiyou 4) were grown in small pots (1 litre) or large pots (8 litre) with low nitrogen (50 mg kg^-1 soil) and high nitrogen (200 mg kg^-1 soil). Restricting root zone decreased dry weight of plants at the stages of stem elongation and flowering, compared to those of control plants grown in the large pots (P<0.01). Spraying of 6-benzylaminopurine (50 μmol L^-1) increased dry weight of plants and chlorophyll concentration in leaves. Restriction of root zone decreased the concentrations of total nitrogen, chlorophyll and soluble protein in the flag leaf and accelerated senescence of the leaves. Supply of high nitrogen delayed senescence of the flag leaf. The results suggested that the shortage of nutrients, especially nitrogen deficiency, was the primary reason for the decreased growth of plant in the treatment of root zone restriction.     

Effects of High Temperature on Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in Flag Leaves of Wheat During Grain Filling Period

On the basis of the phytotron, the effects of high temperature （daily average temperature 25, 30, 35 and 40℃, respectively） on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in flag leaves of wheat at 50% relative air moisture during grain fastest filling stage [19-21 days after anthesis （DAA）] were studied. The wheat cultivars tested were Yangmai 9 with weak-gluten and Yangmai 12 with medium-gluten. Compared with 25℃, the higher the temperature was, the higher was the MDA content in flag leaves, while lower were the SOD, POD, and CAT activities. SOD and CAT activities in Yangmai 12 appeared to be more sensitive to high temperature than that in Yangmai 9. But POD activity in Yangmai 12 was less sensitive to high temperature. MDA content in Yangmai 12 was higher than that in Yangmai 9. The 1000-grain weight declined with increase in temperature.     

杂交水稻始穗期氮钾营养对剑叶生理特性的影响

 采用盆栽试验研究了杂交水稻汕优63在施基肥的基础上，始穗期供给 NK营养对剑叶生理特性的影响。施用NK，可促进剑叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、过氧化物酶(POX)、超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性提高，呼吸速率下降，增加剑叶的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及根系活力，加速14C同化物从剑叶的输出，提高14C同化物在稻穗的分布积累及输入积(IAP)。讨论了始穗期共施NK营养提高结实率、谷粒充实度及稻谷产量的良好效果