呼市郊区鱼类寄生虫种类和感染情况

近年来，鱼类寄生虫病在呼和浩特市地区经常发生。为此，作者于１９９２年３～１０月对呼市郊区主要经济鱼类进行了调查，共得到１６种鱼类寄生虫，隶属于８纲、１２目、１２科、１２属。同时，对鱼类寄生虫的感染情况也进行了研究。     

鱼类与水环境间相互关系的研究回顾和设想

鱼类是湖泊生态系统中较高级的消费者,通过上行效应和下行效应与环境间存在着紧密的相互作用关系。湖泊环境等理化因子的变化通过上行效应改变鱼类群落结构和数量,而鱼类群落结构的变化通过营养级联和下行效应对水体的理化特征以及其它生物的组成、分布、丰度、生物量等水生态系统结构与功能的许多方面产生影响。[第一段]     

微塑料染污及其对不同栖息地、不同食性海洋鱼类影响的研究进展

随着微塑料在海洋环境和海洋生物中的发现,海洋微塑料污染问题越来越受到关注。本文对海洋微塑料的来源、类型、分布规律、毒性以及对不同食性、不同栖息地海洋鱼类的影响进行了梳理,对后续研究方向进行了分析和瞻望。结果表明,微塑料来源广泛、种类繁多、分布在海洋的各个角落,其毒性主要由自身毒性和联合毒性两部分组成。微塑料在海洋中垂直分布特点为底层沉积物含量较高,其次为底层、上层水域,中层水域较少;水平方向上分布特点为河口区含量较高,流场区次之,大洋区较少。不同栖息环境的海洋鱼类对微塑料的摄取数量不同,从大到小依次为：近岸底栖性>底层性>大洋性>大洋底栖性;摄取种类也不同,并主要受微塑料密度的影响,中上层鱼类主要摄取密度较小的微塑料,中下层鱼类主要摄取密度较大的微塑料。不同食性鱼类对微塑料摄取量也不相同,滤食性鱼类摄取量最高,植食性和掠食性鱼类摄取量略不相同。海洋鱼类的摄食特性对不同形状、大小、密度的微塑料摄取具有一定的选择性。后续研究应结合渔业生物、生态学,物理海洋,化学海洋等     

新疆土著鱼类的数值分类

本文采用鱼类的３４个可数量化性状，借助微机，利用主成分分析法对新疆５１种土著鱼类进行数值分类，其结果可将新疆土著鱼明显地划分为：条鳅属鱼类，臀鳞鱼亚科鱼类，雅罗鱼亚科鱼类３个主要的群体。     

Metapopulation analysis indicates native and non‐native fishes respond differently to effects of wildfire on desert streams

Ash flows and flooding associated with wildfires represent important but understudied sources of disturbance for fish populations. Knowledge concerning these disturbances is especially limited for larger streams where warm water species dominate. Fire‐related disturbances have been hypothesised to differentially affect native and non‐native fishes, although this hypothesis has only been tested for salmonids. The objective of our research was to contrast effects of uncharacteristically large wildfires followed by flooding on metapopulations of native and non‐native fishes in the Gila River of southwest New Mexico. Probabilities of occupancy, colonisation and local extinction of fishes were calculated across sites before and during disturbance and were also measured across a broader spatial scale during disturbance to identify potential refuge locations. Occupancy was higher for native fishes than non‐natives, but multiple wildfire and flood events increased extinction probabilities of native species. Responses of non‐native species to wildfires were mixed; extinction of non‐native salmonids increased during disturbance, while extinction of several warm water species remained unchanged or decreased. Several undisturbed sites were poor refugia for natives as they were impacted by non‐native piscivores, dewatering, and fragmentation. However, despite exposure to multiple disturbances, sites located in large tributary and valley reaches were consistently occupied by native species, suggesting these habitats provided refugia. We suggest that management actions (forest thinning; prescribed burning) that restore a more natural disturbance regime of small and less severe fires coupled with habitat remediation activities (non‐native removal; decreased water withdrawal; improved connectivity) might diminish extinction risk for native fishes exposed to wildfire disturbance.     

Quantifying ichthyofaunal zonation and species richness along a 2800‐km reach of the Rio Chama and Rio Grande (USA)

Abstract – Ichthyofaunal zonation occurs when lotic fishes are partitioned into distinct assemblages, usually in response to longitudinally distributed habitats. Several studies have documented zonation within the Rio Grande, but this is the first to quantitatively test the zonation hypothesis along a continuous 2800‐km river profile, extending from the Rio Chama headwaters to the Gulf of Mexico. Using a large, multi‐source dataset, I detected three ichthyofaunal zones: a high gradient (～1.5%) ‘upper’ zone, a moderate gradient (～0.2%) ‘middle’ zone and a low gradient (<0.1%) ‘lower’ zone. Species richness was lowest in the upper zone and highest in the lower zone, and all zones contained large numbers of nonnative species. However, species richness did not accumulate in a consistent, downstream manner. Instead, it tracked local‐scale changes in mean annual discharge. This demonstrates the strong effect of river regulation and irrigation withdraws on fish diversity in the Rio Grande.     

The Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic fishes of Africa

Africa has provided many fossil fishes from sediments laid down over a 400 million year period. The large array of fossil fishes come from diverse localities throughout the continent, representing a variety of environments. The marine fossil fishes of Africa have not been reviewed as a whole, while the freshwater Cenozoic fishes of Africa were last reviewed over 25 years ago. Since that time, many new finds have increased our knowledge of the history of African fishes. This paper summarizes the known fish fossils, excluding otoliths, from marine and freshwater deposits throughout Africa from the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and first part of the Cenozoic (Palaeogene). Much new work is ongoing, in areas such as Mali and South Africa, from which more information on the ichthyofaunas should come to light. New information presented here includes the Eocene site of Mahenge, Tanzania, from which have come the oldest known members of the family Cichlidae.     

Present state and perspectives for the southern Brazil shelf demersal fisheries

The demersal fish stocks in southern Brazil were assessed from landings and catchper-unit effort data trends between 1975 and 1994, available information on the life history patterns, and population dynamics of the most important species. The fishing gears, mostly otter and pair bottom trawls in the 1970s, diversified towards double-rig trawls for fish and shrimp and bottom gill nets in the mid 1980s, and bottom longlines in the upper slope in the early 1990s. There were also some less successful attempts with traps for fish and crabs. The demersal fisheries are more intensive in winter when migratory species move northward, associated with the seasonal displacement of the western boundary of the Subtropical Convergence. Landings between 1975 and 1994 were mostly of sciaenid fishes (>70%) and elasmobranchs (10%) and oscillated around 59 000 t. There was not a decrease in total landings but a shift from more to less exploited stocks. Since 1989, 4% of the landings came from depleted stocks of Pagrus pagrus (L.), Netuma barba (Lacépède), Pogonias cromis (L.) and Rhinobatos horkelli (Muller & Henle); 37% from overexploited stocks: Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest), Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, Squatina guggenheim Marini, and Galeorhinus galeus (L.); 24% from heavily exploited stocks of Umbrina canosai Berg, and Macrodon ancylodon (Bloch & Schneider); and 35% of Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier) and small stocks with unclear status. The demersal fisheries are virtually unmanaged and future landings are expected to decrease if fishing pressure remains high. Effective management will require the participation of all three countries in the region because most of the stocks fished in southern Brazil are shared with Uruguay and Argentina.     

Egg size and its relationship with fecundity,newborn length and female size in Cuban poeciliid fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes)

Abstract – This study describes the relationship between egg size (ES) and brood size (BS), newborn length (NL) and female total length (FTL) in ten species of Cuban poeciliids. Variability and the level of association among variables are analysed and comparisons of ES among species established. Egg size has the lowest variability among the analysed variables and in most species is not correlated with BS, when the effect of FTL is controlled. Cuban poeciliids, thought to be primarily lecithotrophic, can be separated in two groups according to ES, NL and BS relative to FTL. One such group inhabits mountain streams and produces large eggs and small broods. The other group is distributed in lowland wetlands and produces small eggs and large broods. In Cuban poeciliids, ES and NL are highly correlated, which suggests adaptive value for ES.     

浙江海洋鱼类种类组成、区系分布及资源特征研究

经近10年的实地采集,结合相关文献查阅,总结出浙江海域鱼类共734种,分属于3个纲、42目、220科、488个属。本文在重点分析了浙江海域鱼类水平分布区系特点,并根据资源特征,将其划分为记录种、罕见种、少见种、习见种及优势种,并对习见种及优势种进行了现状分析。