Realizing the potential of trait‐based approaches to advance fisheries science

Analysing how fish populations and their ecological communities respond to perturbations such as fishing and environmental variation is crucial to fisheries science. Researchers often predict fish population dynamics using species‐level life‐history parameters that are treated as fixed over time, while ignoring the impact of intraspecific variation on ecosystem dynamics. However, there is increasing recognition of the need to include processes operating at ecosystem levels (changes in drivers of productivity) while also accounting for variation over space, time and among individuals. To address similar challenges, community ecologists studying plants, insects and other taxa increasingly measure phenotypic characteristics of individual animals that affect fitness or ecological function (termed “functional traits”). Here, we review the history of trait‐based methods in fish and other taxa, and argue that fisheries science could see benefits by integrating trait‐based approaches within existing fisheries analyses. We argue that measuring and modelling functional traits can improve estimates of population and community dynamics, and rapidly detect responses to fishing and environmental drivers. We support this claim using three concrete examples: how trait‐based approaches could account for time‐varying parameters in population models; improve fisheries management and harvest control rules; and inform size‐based models of marine communities. We then present a step‐by‐step primer for how trait‐based methods could be adapted to complement existing models and analyses in fisheries science. Finally, we call for the creation and expansion of publicly available trait databases to facilitate adapting trait‐based methods in fisheries science, to complement existing public databases of life‐history parameters for marine organisms.     

Managing the fishery commons at Marseille: How a medieval institution failed to accommodate change in an age of globalization

This paper offers a socio‐historical study of the Prud'homie de pêche (the “Prud'homie”), a common‐pool institution (“CPI”) that has managed the fishery commons at Marseille since the Middle Ages. The evidence presented here sheds light on specific challenges faced by the Prud'homie during the early stages of globalization: one challenge is the import of a new fishing technique (the madrague) in the early 17th century, and another challenge is the arrival of migrant fishermen from Catalonia throughout the 18th century. On this basis, this paper explores the ways in which globalization has impacted the Prud'homie and identifies the mechanisms through which these challenges might threaten the functioning of CPIs.     

Diplodus spp. assemblages on artificial reefs: importance for near shore fisheries

Abstract  Artificial reefs have been deployed along the southern coast of Portugal (Algarve) since 1990 to enhance artisanal fisheries. The objectives of this study were to: (1) describe the colonisation process; (2) assess the role of the artificial reefs in terms of juvenile recruitment and growth and as mating/spawning areas and (3) evaluate the potential of artificial reefs as near shore artisanal fishing grounds for three economically important fish species, Diplodus bellottii (Steindachner), Diplodus sargus (L.) and Diplodus vulgaris (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire). The fish assemblages were monitored after the deployment of a large artificial reef (Faro/Ancão) in 2002. Colonisation rates for the three species were fast. Artificial reefs play a multiple role for Diplodus spp., acting as recruitment, growth and nursery areas for juveniles, and spawning/mating areas for adults, and can thus be considered essential fish habitat. Three months after deployment of the artificial reefs, exploitable biomass was 16, 29 and 8 kg per reef group, respectively, for D. bellotti , D. sargus and D. vulgaris . These results indicate that artificial reefs quickly become good fishing grounds, where suitable financial yields may be obtained by fisher. Moreover, the artificial reefs became new and alternative fishing grounds, allowing reduction of fishing effort over traditional rocky areas that are scarce along the Algarve coast. Management measures for artificial reefs, in terms of fishing strategies, are discussed.     

以有限数据评估方法为基础的海州湾渔业管理策略评估

实验以计算机模拟的管理策略评价方法为基础,以海州湾海域的银鲳、小黄鱼、大泷六线鱼和长蛇鲻为例,对基于数据有限方法的管理策略进行了分析评价。模拟结果显示,基于体长的管理策略能够在产量和避免过度捕捞间取得较好的权衡,其管理效果优于基于捕捞努力量的管理策略。模拟结果显示,银鲳和大泷六线鱼处于过渡捕捞状态;小黄鱼种群规模具有较大波动和不确定性;长蛇鲻种群未遭受过度捕捞。研究表明,基于有限数据评估方法的管理策略可以有效避免潜在的过度捕捞,提升遭受过度捕捞群体的产卵群体生物量规模,具有较好的可持续性,并能维持可观的产量,在我国具有广泛的运用前景。     

Movements and behaviors of swordfish Xiphias gladius in the United States Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area

This study reports on the movements of swordfish tagged within the Pacific Leatherback Conservation Area (PLCA), an expansive region (>500,000 km²) off the U.S. West Coast that has been seasonally restricted to drift‐gillnet fishing since 2001 to reduce leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coricea) interactions. Thirteen swordfish were outfitted with satellite‐linked archival tags scheduled for short (2–20 days, n = 11) and longer‐term (150 days, n = 2) data collection. All tags were deployed on basking swordfish using traditional harpoon‐based methods during the fall of 2012–2013, near offshore seamounts (35.6°N/122.9°W to 37.4°N/123.5°W). Depth and temperature data from 11 swordfish (~90 to 150 kg) resulted in <251 days of movement information from the PLCA region. All tagged individuals exhibited surface‐oriented nocturnal movements, spending >99% of the night above the average thermocline depth (37.5 m), with an average night depth of 8.3 ± 1.6 m. Daytime depth distribution was greater and more variable (mean 107.1 ± 21.2 m), with fish primarily displaying three behavioral patterns: (i) basking activity, 16.7% of the day, (ii) a mixed‐layer distribution between 3 m and the thermocline (26.8% of the day), and (iii) prolonged dives below the thermocline, 56.5% of the day. For seven of the tracks, daytime basking rates increased when thermocline depth was <37 m. As fish moved offshore, there was less variability in vertical movements with a reduction in both basking activity and mixed layer occupancy, as well as an increase in average daytime depth. These data are discussed with respect to the potential development of alternative fishery options for the PLCA.     

中国南极磷虾渔业发展的微观解析与对策研究——以辽渔集团有限公司为例

为探讨中国南极磷虾渔业全产业链发展模式,采用Thomson Innovation数据库、CCAMLR数据库等多源数据,分析辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业全产业链条发展特征。结果显示:1)自2009/2010年渔季以来,连续投入渔船参与南极磷虾捕捞生产;2)在南极磷虾油研发环节申请6项发明专利,储备了产业开发核心技术;3)开发10余种南极磷虾相关产品,通过互联网等方式建立了销售渠道,因此认为辽渔集团已经初步建立了全产业链发展模式。在探讨新时期辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业产业发展面临的机遇和挑战基础上,提出制定南极磷虾产业发展规划、统筹专利技术保护战略、构建南极磷虾信息平台、加强高端产品研发投入和推动新型南极磷虾捕捞加工船建设等相关对策建议,以进一步提升辽渔集团南极磷虾渔业产业国际竞争力。     

中国新时代近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策研究

近年,近海捕捞资源呈衰退甚至枯竭之势,1978-2016年近海渔业资源整体恶化了1.57倍,“近海无鱼”成为社会焦点。研究了新时代加强近海捕捞渔业资源养护政策的紧迫性、现有政策及存在的问题、养护政策的方向与建议。结果表明：近海渔业资源持续衰退的主要原因是现有养护政策缺乏捕捞主体主动参与扩大增量、降低产量的激励相容机制;新时代从资源功能定位、实施重大工程、自然资源监管体制等为近海渔业资源养护政策指明了方向;未来养护政策应改革近海捕捞渔业产权制度（赋予排他权利、激励捕捞主体维护资源和防止外来者破坏的积极性）、推进渔民退捕工程（退捕者生态补偿、转产转业,非退捕者征收税费）、渔业资源自然保护区（改革资源保护监管体制,理顺三大关系）。该研究有利于改进现有养护政策和保护与恢复近海渔业资源,可为有关部门提供决策参考。     

Investigating patterns of straying and mixed stock exploitation of sea trout,Salmo trutta,in rivers sharing an estuary in south‐west England

For effective management, information on the stock composition of a fishery is essential. Here, the utility of a resident trout, Salmon trutta L, microsatellite baseline to determine the origins of sea trout entering the rivers Tamar, Tavy and Lynher in south‐west England is highlighted – all share a common estuary and have major runs of sea trout. There is a high degree of geographical structuring of the genetic variation in the baseline rivers. Testing with simulated and real data sets showed fish can be assigned to reporting group with a high degree of accuracy. Mixed stock analysis of >1000 sea trout showed that fish entering the Tamar and Tavy constituted mixed stocks. Significantly, in the Tamar, non‐natal origin sea trout are restricted to the lower catchment. As well as providing insight into sea trout behaviour, this study also has important implications for the management of recreational rod and line fisheries.     

海洋捕捞误捕海龟问题及其管理研究

海龟是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分,世界现存海龟仅有2科6属7种,且都处于濒危状态,国际上十分重视海龟保护工作。在海洋渔业捕捞活动中,经常误捕到海龟,捕虾拖网、刺网、延绳钓渔业对海龟资源的误捕和伤害性最大。目前,国际上已形成了以联合国粮农组织(FAO)为主导,各区域性渔业组织及捕鱼国政府部门为管理主体的法律政策框架,制定通过了一系列有关海龟养护、减少海龟误捕及伤害的决议性文件。主要的管理手段有:渔民培训、渔具渔法优化设计、信息收集与交流、港口检查措施、观察员制度、规范渔捞日志等。在技术措施方面,拖网捕捞中的"海龟逃生装置"、刺网捕捞中的"窄网"和提高拉杆长度、延绳钓渔业中采用的圆形钓钩和鲐鱼饵料,都产生了积极的效应。我国的渔业管理制度对减少渔业活动中的海龟误捕伤害涉及不多,研究很少,缺乏具体的法律法规来指导,亟需完善。建议:(1)普及基于生态系统的渔业管理方法和理念;(2)不断加强信息交流与合作;(3)制定可行的管理标准,并使用市场机制;(4)相应的控制手段要适当,并与其他措施相结合;(5)渔民培训与保育观念的宣传。我国已经开始重视发展可持续性渔业,为进一步规范海洋捕捞、减少对海龟等珍稀物种的伤害误捕提供了契机,如何与国际社会的管理"接轨",实现海洋生物多样性与渔民生计的"双赢",都是需要管理部门着重考虑的。     

丰、枯水期杭州湾东北部渔业资源多样性及数量分布

为研究不同时期杭州湾渔业资源多样性及生物数量分布特征,利用相对重要性指数、Jaccard相似性系数等分析方法对杭州湾东北部水域渔业资源种类组成、密度分布及多样性指数的空间变化进行分析。结果显示:两时期共捕获40种渔业生物,其中丰水期捕获34种,枯水期捕获22种,两时期Jaccard相似性系数仅为40%,为中等不相似水平(middle nonsimilar level)。丰水期优势种为安氏白虾(Exopalaemon annandalei)和棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus),枯水期优势种为葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)、焦氏舌鳎(Cynoglossus joyneri)、刀鲚(Coilia ectenes)、髭缟虾虎鱼(Tridentiger barbatus)、狭颚绒螯蟹(Eriocheir leptognathus)和日本鼓虾(Alpheus japonicas)。丰水期渔业生物的重量密度为294.82 kg/km2,尾数密度为83.19×103ind/km2,枯水期渔业生物的重量密度为85.76 kg/km2,尾数密度为33.88×103ind/km2。丰水期尾数多样性指数(H')变化范围为0.16~2.35,重量H'变化范围为0.36~2.22,尾数H'与尾数密度呈现显著相关性(P=0.0040.05);枯水期尾数H'变化范围为1.24~2.03,重量H'变化范围为0.81~2.10,尾数H'与尾数密度也呈显著相关性(P=0.0240.05)。研究表明,丰、枯水期杭州湾东北部渔业资源数量分布与种类的洄游习性和环境因子的变化有关,多样性指数偏低,可能预示着杭州湾东北部渔业生物多样性受到严重干扰。