“平等”的内涵

"平等"在近代宪法上有重要地位,它既是一项法律权利又是一项法律原则;宪法规定中的平等与法律适用中的平等并不等同。平等分为法律平等与事实平等,形式平等与实质平等。现实生活中,存在诸多不平等现象,究其原因,既有法律本身的欠缺,也有执法的不力。     

高尔夫球场化肥农药迁移规律研究

采用模拟试验和现场监测的方法,研究了百菌清、氯氰菊酯、肥料在高尔夫球场草坪中随水迁移规律及在土壤和植物中的残留变化。结果表明：在低、中、高3种浓度施用情况下,氯氰菊酯和百菌清在土壤和淋溶液中的迁移含量均在检出限以下,施药7d后3种浓度在草坪植物中的残留量分别为23．8、505．0和771．5μg／kg;施肥22d后磷素在水中的迁移总量仅为施肥量的0．45％;三氮随水迁移的总量为施氮量的75．2％,其中迁移液中最高浓度可达（GB3838-2002国家地表水水质标准》V水质标准的1500倍,表明三氮是高尔夫球场草坪地表水和地下水潜在的污染源之一。现场监测结果表明,球场上下游人工湖水氮素含量相差0．0222mg／L,对外界影响不大;施药3d后球场地表水、淋溶液和土壤中农药均未检出,在果领植物样中的残留量最高达1349μg／kg。     

云南河口地区2007／2008年橡胶树寒害普查报告

通过对河口分公司橡胶林地的寒害普查,阐述了河口地区2007／2008年寒害发生规律及特点,通过各橡胶树品种寒害情况及灾后再生性恢复分析,为新一代胶园的品种配置提供依据。     

半干旱区甜菜耗水规律试验研究

在具有典型半干旱气候特征的甘南县,以不同生育期的土壤水分水平设计并进行了纸筒甜菜的盆栽试验,得出了不同生育期甜菜蒸腾量和产量之间的函数关系以及甜菜全生育期的耗水规律。采用Jensen模型进行了水分生产函数的求解,得出了甜菜的水分生产函数模型。     

中国食品安全浅析

食品安全是不分国界,全社会共同关注的焦点问题,也是中国当前面临的挑战之一。＂三鹿奶粉＂事件再次把中国的食品安全问题推向风口浪尖,食品安全问题似有愈演愈烈之势,这并不是偶然巧合,而是目前特殊条件下社会、经济、道德因素共同作用的结果。为此,一部广泛征求民意、反复修改并经过四审的《食品安全法》终于诞生,标志着我国的食品安全工作进入了新阶段。     

射阳棉区棉田盲蝽象灾变规律与综合治理对策

从棉盲蝽的危害特点、发生概况、年生活史、优势种群演替等方面系统分析了江苏省射阳县棉区近30年棉盲蝽的灾变规律;从气候、环境、栽培、用药、施肥、寄主作物等方面探讨了棉盲蝽近年来虫量上升、连年重发的原因;并提出综合治理对策。     

国外复制权问题研究

通过介绍和比较对美国、英国、俄国、德国、澳大利亚等国的几部版权法中有关复制权的法律规定,并对文献资源的利用与版权的保护问题进行分析研究,探究复制权在版权保护与信息的利用和传播的意义。     

安徽桐城稻水象甲发生规律与治理措施

2001年5月,在双季稻北缘地区安徽省桐城市发现检疫性害虫稻水象甲后,开展了稻水象甲发生规律和治理措施的研究,主要结果为①稻水象甲在桐城的寄主是水稻,其他禾本科植物稗草、李氏禾、狼尾草和雀麦只是偶然寄主。②在桐城,稻水象甲1年发生1代,以成虫越冬。越冬成虫初见期在3月下旬,早稻秧苗揭膜后即可为害,随早稻移栽向大田扩散。5月中旬为早稻大田成虫盛发期,田间成虫高峰期约20 d。第1代幼虫5月底初见,6月中旬大量转株为害,6月中旬后期陆续化蛹。第1代成虫于7月上旬始见,先集中于双季晚稻(双晚)秧田为害,随双晚移栽,分散到大田为害,田间终见期在8月中下旬。③稻水象甲虫卵产于稻苗基部叶鞘,每鞘卵量3～4粒。稻水象甲在双季早、晚稻大田初期,由田边向田中逐渐扩散。该虫在田间成虫激增期和减退期为聚集分布,在田间虫量高峰期呈随机分布。④成虫在有水饥饿和无水饥饿情况下,平均存活17.1,4.2 d;成虫平均寿命为56.5 d。⑤桐城稻水象甲与我国北方单季稻和南方典型双季稻区的稻水象甲相比,发生代次和消长规律略有不同。⑥通过人为控制,能够减缓稻水象甲的扩散速度。并提出了以植物检疫和农业防治为基础,适期开展药剂防治的综合治理措施。     

Trends and management implications of human‐influenced life‐history changes in marine ectotherms

Evidence is accumulating that many marine ectotherms are undergoing rapid changes in their life‐history characteristics. These changes have been variously attributed to fisheries‐induced evolution, inhibited adult growth rate due to oxygen limitation at higher temperatures, and plastic responses to density dependence or changes in ocean productivity. Here, we review the diverse underlying mechanisms by which plastic and evolutionary responses to climate change and fisheries are likely to produce similar life‐history trends in harvested marine ectotherms, leading to faster life‐histories with earlier maturation and smaller adult size‐at‐age. While mechanistically understanding these growth and maturation changes may be difficult, it is becoming clear that changing life‐histories will lead to modified population dynamics, productivity and natural mortality of the affected species. We discuss how the observed and expected life‐history changes could affect the assumptions and uncertainty within single and multispecies models currently used in marine ecosystem management, highlighting that models which allow for dynamic life‐history traits often report significantly different estimates of stock biomass. Given that both climate‐ and harvest‐induced life‐history changes are likely to intensify and possibly amplify each other, there is an urgent need to adequately assess the implications of faster life‐histories for marine ecosystem management. This is especially true for data‐poor stocks, where growth and maturation are not regularly assessed. Targeted monitoring can be used to inform responsive management, but for improved sustainability outcomes, a precautionary approach to management that is robust to life‐history trends is advised.     

A comparative review of fisheries management experiences in the European Union and in other countries worldwide: Iceland,Australia, and New Zealand

This study compares the details and performance of fisheries management between the EU and a selection of other countries worldwide: Iceland, New Zealand, and Australia, which are considered in many respects to be among the most advanced in the world in fisheries management. Fisheries management in the EU, Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand has developed following different paths, despite being based on similar instruments and principles. Iceland, Australia, and New Zealand have been at the forefront of developing management practices such as stakeholder involvement, legally binding management targets (Australia, New Zealand), individual transferable quotas, and discard bans (Iceland, New Zealand). The EU has since the beginning of the 21st century taken significant steps to better involve stakeholders and establish quantitative targets through management plans, and a landing obligation is gradually being implemented from 2015 onward. The management of domestic fisheries resources in Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland has, overall, performed better than in the EU, in terms of conservation and economic efficiency. It should, however, be stressed that, compared to Australia, New Zealand, and Iceland, (i) initial over‐capacity was more of an issue in the EU when management measures became legally binding and also that (ii) EU has been progressive in developing common enforcement standards, on stocks shared by sovereign nations. The situation of EU fisheries has substantially improved over the period 2004–2013 in the northeast Atlantic, with fishery status getting close to that in the other jurisdictions, but the lack of recovery for Mediterranean fish stocks remains a concern.