Influence of pH and temperature on force development and shortening velocity in skinned muscle fibres from fish

Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature –2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity.In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch.Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0.The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.     

Detection and molecular characterization of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus from major ornamental fish breeding states in Peninsular Malaysia

‘Gold standard’ OIE reference PCR assay was utilized to detect the presence of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) in freshwater ornamental fish from Malaysia. From total of 210 ornamental fish samples representing 14 species, ISKNV was detected in 36 samples representing 5 fish species. All positive cases did not show any clinical signs of ISKNV. Three restriction enzymes analyses showed that the fish were infected by identical strains of the same virus species within Megalocytivirus genus. Major capsid protein (MCP) genes of 10 ISKNV strains were sequenced and compared with 9 other reference nucleotide sequences acquired from GenBank. Sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to the reference ISKNV with nucleotide sequence identity that was ranging from 99.8% to 100%. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of MCP gene revealed that viruses from genus Megalocytivirus can be divided into three genotypes: genotype 1 include reference ISKNV and all other strains that were detected in this study, genotype 2 include viruses closely related to red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), and genotype 3 include viruses closely related turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV).     

豆油替代鱼油对中华绒螯蟹幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫和抗病力的影响

以酪蛋白和明胶为蛋白源配制5组等氮等能的实验饲料, 分别为全鱼油(F1)、25%(F2)、50%(F3)和75%(F4)豆油替代组和全豆油组(F5), 每组4个重复, 投喂初始体质量为(0.27±0.03) g的中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)幼蟹6周, 评价豆油替代鱼油的饲料对幼蟹生长、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。结果发现, 各组幼蟹的存活率差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的增重率和特定生长率显著高于F1组(P<0.05), 但与其他各组差异不显著(P>0.05)。F4组幼蟹的血清酸性磷酸酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), F5组最低。幼蟹的血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性以F4组最高, 显著高于F3组(P<0.05), F3和F4组均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05), 其他F1、F2和F5三组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。F1组幼蟹的血清丙二醛含量最高(P<0.05), 其余各组之间则差异不显著(P>0.05); F4组幼蟹的血清酚氧化酶活性最高, 而F5组最低(P<0.05); 各组幼蟹的溶菌酶差异不显著(P>0.05)。实验结束后, 采用嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒10 d, 发现F5组幼蟹最早出现死亡, 且该组幼蟹的累积死亡率显著高于F1和F4组(P<0.05)。结果提示, 采用豆油完全替代饲料中的鱼油对幼蟹的生长影响不显著, 但会降低其抵抗感染疾病的能力; 用75%豆油替代鱼油可在明显提高幼蟹免疫机能和抗病力的情况下获得良好的生长性能。

     

脱脂蚕蛹替代日粮中鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群的影响

利用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)研究脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)肠道菌群的影响。6个饲养组分别饲喂6种等氮等能饲料, 分别为含10%鱼粉的基础饲料、3种替代饲料(脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉蛋白, 替代水平分别为25%、50%和75%)及2组分别在50%和75%替代基础上分别再添加0.6%和0.7%晶体赖氨酸的饲料 (分别记为DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)。饲养结束后采集肠道样品, 分析建立指纹图谱, DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys组分别产生了19、15、11、12、8和12条可鉴别条带, 各组均存在优势种群条带。DSP0和其他各组(DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)的相似性指数为50.7%、50.6%、69.0%、42.4%、66.7%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序, 共得到19条序列, 将得到的序列在NCBI数据库中进行同源分析, 发现建鲤肠道菌群归为芽孢杆菌纲、螺旋体纲、β-变形菌纲、梭菌纲、放线菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、蓝藻纲、拟杆菌纲、梭杆菌纲等, 大部分为不可培养细菌。研究发现, 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群组成产生显著影响, 随着脱脂蚕蛹替代水平的提高, 肠道菌群多样性下降, 细菌种类从19种锐减至8种, 而饲料中补充赖氨酸可减弱这种影响, 本研究可为蚕蛹在鲤配合饲料中的开发应用提供参考资料。

     

胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱特征

为了解胶州湾海域鱼类群落粒径结构特征,本研究根据2016—2017年4次底拖网调查数据构建了胶州湾鱼类生物量粒径谱,比较分析了各季节鱼类生物量粒径谱特征参数的异质性。结果显示,胶州湾Sheldon型鱼类生物量粒径谱呈现单峰模式,鱼类粒径范围为-3～10粒径级,粒径分布相对均匀,且峰值位于5～6粒径级,主要由大泷六线鱼和褐菖鲉等小型鱼类构成。各季节鱼类标准化生物量粒径谱曲率和曲度差异显著,其中春季曲率最大且曲线较平缓,夏季曲率最小且曲线相对陡峭。谱线曲度和曲率的季节变化主要与粒径小的细纹狮子鱼、大泷六线鱼、玉筋鱼及长丝虾虎鱼等地方常栖性种类和赤鼻棱鳀、白姑鱼等季节洄游性种类的出现有关。Abundance-biomass comparison(ABC)曲线表明,春季处于未干扰状态,冬季处于中度干扰状态,夏秋季处于严重干扰状态。研究表明,胶州湾鱼类群落总体处于严重干扰状态,鱼类生物量谱呈现单峰型,粒径结构以小型粒径鱼类为主,且地方常栖性和季节洄游性鱼类等补充群体的数量和粒径大小影响鱼类生物量粒径谱的峰型和曲率。     

Biodiversity,ecology, fisheries,and use and trade of Tetraodontiformes fishes reveal their socio‐ecological significance along the tropical Brazilian continental shelf

1. Tetraodontiformes fishes play a critical role in benthic and demersal communities and are facing threats due to anthropogenic impacts and climate change. However, they are poorly studied worldwide. To improve knowledge on the socio‐ecological significance and conservation of Tetraodontiformes a review of literature addressing the diversity, ecology, use and trade, conservation, and main threats of Tetraodontiformes combined with a comprehensive in situ dataset from two broad‐range multidisciplinary oceanographic surveys performed along the Tropical Brazilian Continental Shelf was undertaken.
2. Twenty‐nine species were identified, being primarily found on coral reefs and algal ecosystems. At these habitats, tetraodontids present highly diversified trophic categories and might play an important role by balancing the marine food web
3. Coral reef ecosystems, especially those near to the shelf break, seem to be the most important areas of Tetraodontiformes fishes, concentrating the highest values of species richness, relative abundance and the uncommon and Near Threatened species.
4. Ninety per cent of species are commonly caught as bycatch, being also used in the ornamental trade (69%) and as food (52%), serving as an important source of income for artisanal local fisheries.
5. Tetraodontiformes are threatened by unregulated fisheries, overexploitation, bycatch, and habitat loss due to coral reef degradation and the potential effects of climate change. These factors are more broadly impacting global biodiversity, food security, and other related ecosystem functions upon which humans and many other organisms rely.
6. We recommend the following steps that could improve the conservation of Tetraodontiformes along the tropical Brazilian Continental shelf and elsewhere: (i) data collection of the commercial, incidental, ornamental and recreational catches; (ii) improvement of the current legislation directed at the marine ornamental harvesting; (iii) increase efforts focused on the education and conservation awareness in coastal tourism and communities; and, most important, (iv) creation of marine reserves networks in priority areas of conservation, protecting either the species and key habitats for its survival.

     

A weight‐of‐evidence approach for defining thermal sensitivity in a federally endangered species

1. Managing for threatened and endangered species under changing environmental conditions is a challenge faced by resource managers worldwide. Lack of basic knowledge of the biology and habitat requirements of these species can contribute to this difficulty but is exacerbated by the limitations of working with rare species (i.e. few individuals) or unrefined and non‐lethal methods for evaluating stress.
2. A weight‐of‐evidence approach was used to evaluate the thermal biology of the federally endangered dwarf wedgemussel (Alasmidonta heterodon), using cumulative results from multiple experimental assessments, co‐occurring species, and their host fish to begin defining the thermal limits and optimal conditions for the species.
3. Results suggest that dwarf wedgemussel and its host fish are thermally sensitive species compared with other Atlantic‐slope mussels, with a lower critical thermal maximum (CTM) and the selection of reduced temperatures during choice experiments.
4. Physiological studies resulted in a lack of statistical significance, primarily owing to low power, which was a function of sample size – an unavoidable problem when studying rare species. Given these limitations, thermal choice and CTM may be more useful end points than physiological processes such as clearance and respiration rates when dealing with sample‐size limitations.
5. These results suggest that management strategies that avoid exposing dwarf wedgemussel and its thermally sensitive host fish to extreme temperatures could be important for species conservation.

     

Potential distribution and population trends of the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus inferred from species distribution models and historical catch data

1. Updated distribution ranges are crucial for conservation status assessments. Comprehensive analyses combining published literature and available data on historical catches and species distribution models (SDMs) are effective tools that could improve the prediction of more realistic scenarios for some species, especially those with limited information available and facing multiple threats.
2. The present study aimed at generating an updated distribution for the smalltail shark Carcharhinus porosus, one of the most threatened and understudied shark species of the western Atlantic Ocean. Estimates of the key areas for this species conservation based on the SDMs, and trends in catch probabilities throughout its distribution range are provided.
3. Four algorithms (BIOCLIM, Domain, Mahalanobis, and Maximum Entropy) were used to model the distribution of C. porosus and calculate its habitat suitability based on marine environmental variables. To assess historical catch probability trends, we built a generalized linear model from published and grey literature data. This analysis was used to estimate catch probability as an indication of population trends.
4. SDMs suggest that the northern coast of South America (NCSA) harbours the most suitable habitats for C. porosus in the world, which was expected given its historically high catch rate in this region. In addition, there was a continuously declining catch probability trend starting in the 1970s. However, the decline was smaller for the NCSA as compared with the Gulf of Mexico and the eastern South America coast.
5. Results indicate that the NCSA should be considered the currently most important area in the world for this species conservation. Furthermore, the lack of data throughout Central and South American marine regions hampers the evaluation of extinction risk throughout its updated distribution. Thus, research in these areas is urgently required for a more comprehensive conservation status assessment.