浅析高层建筑消防安全系统

随着我国经济的发展,建筑事业也随之迅猛的发展起来,高层建筑也正以春笋般的势头遍布各大城市,与此同时,高层建筑的安全设计也倍受重视。除了防震等不可预计的安全因素,防火更是重要的组成部分。近年全国各地的火灾报道屡见不鲜,要从这些火灾中吸取教训,无论是住宅还是商业建筑,从设计人员、施工人员到居民、群众,都应该做到防患于未然,将损失降到最低;在高层建筑的消防设计上也必须遵循国家的相关方针、政策及消防管理部门的有关标准和规范规定,从实际出发,合理,适用,确保安全。     

高层建筑消防给水系统的安全研究

我国的城市化进程如此之快,使高层建筑因此林立。高层建筑的不断出现给消防工作带来了新的问题,所以在高层消防安全设计的过程中要综合多种因素控制火灾发生率,以及发生火灾之后通过消防措施可以将损失降到最低。因此,不仅在设计时要严谨、科学、实用,严格按照《消防规范》设计,更要在施工过程中对消防器材的选择、消防设施的生产加工,及消防通道的维护管理方面下功夫,以此来保障高层建筑在使用过程中的安全性。     

Low- to moderate-severity historical fires promoted high tree growth in a boreal Scots pine forest of Norway

Abstract

Fire is the most important ecological factor governing boreal forest stand dynamics. In low- to moderate-severity fires, the post-fire growth of the surviving trees varies according to fire frequency, intensity and site factors. Little is known about the growth responses of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) following fires in boreal forests. We quantified changes in tree growth in the years following 61 historical forest fires (between 1210 and 1866) in tree-ring series collected from fire-scarred Scots pine trees, snags and stumps in Trillemarka nature reserve in south-central Norway. Basal area increment 10 years pre-, 5 years post-, and 11–20 years post-fire were calculated for 439 fire scars in 225 wood samples. We found a slight temporary growth reduction 5 years post-fire followed by a marked growth increase 11–20 years post-fire. Beyond 20 years post-fire, the long-term tree growth declined steadily up to approximately 120 years. Our results indicate that recurring fires maintained high tree growth in remnant Scots pines, most probably due to a reduction in tree density and thus decreased competition.     

Herbaceous species diversity in relation to fire severity in Zagros oak forests,Iran

Zagros forests are mainly covered byQuercus brantii L. coppices and oak sprout clumps occupy the forest area like patches. We investigated post-fire herbaceous diversity in the first growing season after fire. For this purpose neighboring burned and unburned areas were selected with the same plant species and ecological conditions. The data were collected from areas subjected to different fire severities. Overall 6 treatments were considered with respect to fire severity and the mi-crosites of inside and outside of oak sprout clumps including： unburned inside and outside of sprout clumps （Ni and No）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with high fire severity （H）, inside of sprout clumps that burned with moderate fire severity （M）, outside of sprout clumps that burned with low fire severity （OH and OM）. Different herbaceous com-position was observed in the unburned inside and outside of oak sprout clumps. The species diversity and richness were increased in treatments burned with low and moderate fire severity. However, in treatment burned with high fire severity （H）, herbaceous cover was reduced, even-ness was increased, and richness and diversity were not significantly changed. We concluded that besides the microsites conditions in forest, fire severity is an inseparable part of the ecological effect of fire on her-baceous composition.     

柱塞泵的改造及在森林消防中的应用

根据柱塞水泵能产生高压的工作原理,通过对车辆和车载柱塞水泵、水带、水枪等部件的选择,完成了AY-101GX390-90高压远程输水系统的研制和改造。在广东省深圳市梧桐山森林公园的测试结果表明,该输水系统单泵输水扬程达502m以上,输水距离达3800m以上,流量达1．55m^3／h以上,达到了远距离高扬程输水的目的。文章对该输水系统的研制、主要技术性能、结构和使用效果等进行了说明,与常用的森林消防水泵比较,柱塞泵改造成的森林消防水泵输水扬程高、距离远、水量大,在森林消防输水灭火应用中取得良好效果。     

森林火灾政府责任探析

森林火灾损害生态环境,造成巨大的财产损失和人员伤亡,因而对森林火灾的管理是各级政府的重要职责。根据森林火灾的发生特点,指出在政府承担责任认定中存在的问题;以森林火灾与其他自然灾害不同的致灾原因为基础,提出政府责任的归责原则及免责事由。     

森林消防车动力性仿真技术研究现状与前景分析

介绍了当前国内外对森林消防车动力性能的研究现状,并对其动力性仿真技术的应用(如MATLAB、CRUISE、ADVISOR、PAST等)进行研究。结果表明,动力性仿真技术在森林消防车的性能研究方面具有良好的应用前景。     

防火林带营造木荷火力楠混交林生长效果分析

对马尾松低产林改造,营造防火林带木荷火力楠生长效果进行了调查,发现林木生长良好。结果显示：经过14a的培育,其林木生长不同,木荷火力楠混交林的林分生长量,比木荷、火力楠纯林的林分生长量更具优势,平均树高、胸径、树冠、枝下高、郁闭度、单株材积、蓄积量,分别比木荷、火力楠纯林林分平均树高大13.54%、8.55%,胸径粗18.39%、14.21%,树冠大8.24%、22.26%,枝下高8.75%、17.67%,郁闭度大2.13%、3.23%,单株材积大45.43%、41.18%,蓄积量大54.95%、37.54%。土壤肥力N、P、K分别提高0.9%、1.92%、1.79%,1.80%、6.00%、3.64%。木荷火力楠混交林能涵养水源、保持水土,有效控制林火蔓延,可减少森林火灾和灾后损失。     

黑龙江省1980-1999年森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据黑龙江省1980—1999年的森林火灾统计数据和对黑龙江省各森林类型地上生物量的估算,计算出黑龙江省森林年平均森林火灾损失地上生物量391758·65~522344·95t,占全国的6·4%~8·4%。年均释放碳176291·39~235055·23t,约占全国年均森林火灾排放碳的8%。用排放比法得出黑龙江省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2、CO、CH4、NMHC量分别为581761·6~775682·25t、34892·275~46523·04t、14091·11~18788·15t和6500~9000t。