笼养川金丝猴哺乳行为的观察

采用全事件抽样法对笼养的５只成年雌猴和３只幼猴进行了连续１３个月计１８３ｄ的行为观察。结果表明，川金丝猴的初次哺乳是在胎儿娩出后３．１ｈ以后；根据哺乳的行为特征，哺乳期可分为初期、中期、晚期和后期；哺乳分为３种类型，即生理性哺乳、过渡性哺乳和心理性哺乳；哺乳时同笼母猴对幼猴有阿姨行为。     

银合欢异木虱形态及生物学研究

银合欢异木虱(Heteropsylla Cubana Crauford)是危害银合欢的重要害虫。成虫和若虫刺吸嫩梢幼叶汁液,并排泄蜜露,导致发生煤烟病。被害嫩梢幼叶萎缩干枯,严重影响生长和产量。每年10月至翌年4月为严重为害期。雌虫产卵量为32—330粒。在海南省儋州地区每年发生15—16代,完成一世代需16—21天。在室外用自然变温法测定其发育起点温度,全世代平均为7.58℃,其中卵为9.05℃,若虫为9.56℃,成虫为4.04℃。完成一世代的有效积温为373.93日度。用空间分布型指数法对调查数据进行测定,田间卵的空间分布为聚集分布型。     

A new device for monitoring the activity of freely swimming flatfish, Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

ABSTRACT:   The tail beat and activity behavior of four captive Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus , were monitored with acceleration data-loggers while the fish swam in an aquarium. Depth, swimming speeds and two-axis acceleration data were collected continuously for approximately 20 h per fish. Simultaneously, the swimming behaviors of the fish were filmed at different angles. Using the specific characteristic of the acceleration profiles, in tandem with other types of data (e.g. speed and depth), four behavioral patterns could be distinguished: (i) 'active' swimming; (ii) burying patterns; (iii) 'inactive' gliding; and (iv) lying on the bottom. Tail beat frequency ranged from 1.65 ± 0.47 to 2.04 ± 0.25 Hz (mean ± SD; n  = 4). Using the relationship between tail beat frequency and swimming speed, the 'preferred' swimming speed of the fish was estimated to be between 0.6 and 1.2 body lengths (BL)/s. Additionally, fish rarely swam faster than 1.2 BL/s. This study shows that the acceleration data-loggers represent a useful and reliable system for accurately recording the tail beat of free-ranging fish and estimating flatfish behavior.     

Perception of light intensity by Haliotis discus discus based on locomotor activity patterns

ABSTRACT:   An apparatus to measure the locomotor activity of aquatic benthic organisms at variable low light levels was developed and the diurnal behavioral pattern of the abalone Haliotis discus discus was measured at various low light intensities. During the experiment, abalone were exposed to 12 h light–dark cycles of complete darkness, 0 µmol/m²/s throughout the 12 h dark cycle and, during periods I (days 1–8) and III (days 19–26), the 12 h light cycles were set at 10 µmol/m²/s. During period II (days 10–17), abalone were exposed to a light level during the 12 h light cycles of 1 × 10⁻⁵, 1 × 10⁻⁶, 1 × 10⁻⁷ or 1 × 10⁻⁸ µmol/m²/s and the changes in locomotor activity assessed. At daytime levels of 1 × 10⁻⁵ µmol/m²/s, typical behavioral patterns were observed of high locomotory activity during the night-time cycle. However, at lower light intensities, the distinction between day and night activity patterns became less clear and, at intensities lower than 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s, the difference between activity during the light and dark cycles became negligible. Based on this, we conclude that the threshold of light level perception in relation to locomotor activity is approximately 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s. The significance of these results in relation to the entrainment of behavior in abalone is discussed.     

LOSS ASSESSMENT OF BURNED FOREST USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION TECHNIQUES

After forest fire,It is very needd to locate fire position and assess the loss of forestresources.In this paper,a method of burned forest assessment with satellite remote sensing dataand over-laying techniques is discussed and used in the assessment of the burned forest in Malinforest Farm after the large forest fire of May,1987.     

Fire management on Imperata grasslands as part of agroforestry development in Indonesia

Fire is an important factor in the Imperata grassland ecosystem. It prevents or slows down the natural succession to shrubs and/or secondary forest vegetation and is a major threat to (agro)forestry options for Imperata grassland rehabilitation. Forest fires can also be a primary cause of the extension of Imperata grasslands. In this review an attempt is made to integrate biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of the causation of fires in a conceptual model. Fire effects on vegetation are examined. The management options at the level of a farmer, a village community and a national government are analyzed.     

香猪的行为特性研究

对香猪的走动与卧息，采食，排粪，发情，配种，产仔，哺乳，咬架与群居，定栏等行为特性进行观察和研究，结果表明：（１）母猪一天内走动时间约占１２－２０％（其中采食时间６．０－７．７％），卧息时间占８０－８８％；（２）妊娠母猪一天内排粪次数平均为４．０－５．４次，（３）母猪性成熟早，发情持续时间长，发情征候明显，性反应强烈；（４）青年猪６５－７５日龄出现爬跨，交配和射精等性行为，（５）母猪产前１０－１６     

The effect of forest fire on streamflow in Daxing’an Mountains

Based on the data obtained by single watershed experiment, the changes in streamflow by forest fire had been studied. The results showed the most forest fire in Daxing’an Mountains in 1987 resulted in the increase of annual runoff in the initial stage, snowmelt runoff reduced in May. The relationship between precipitation and streamflow was closed. The changes in streamflow relied more on the precipitation.     

Phase Behavior of W/O Microemulsion

The phase behavior of W/O microemulsion employed blend NPE4.2 and NPE10 as surfactants was studied. The influence of blend surfactant proportion, surfactant dose co-surfactant dose, various cations and temperature on W/O microemulsion phase behavior was examined by way of electric conductivity with the maximum dissolve water (solution) being the target. Experiments indicated that as the NPE 4.2 :NPE 10 is about 1.2:1 and (S+A):O is about 3:7, the maximum dissolve water was acquired. When the water was substituted by other cations solution or the temperature was increased, the effect to the microemulsion was resemble to the water. But the domain of W/O microemulsion is decreased.     

不同泌乳量奶牛行为学差异及其与泌乳性能的相关性

本试验旨在研究不同泌乳量奶牛的行为学差异,并分析奶牛行为学与泌乳性能的相关性。选择24头泌乳中期[(114.6±7.5)d]中国荷斯坦奶牛,平均体重为(670±24)kg,胎次为(2.6±0.4)胎,分为高产组[泌乳量(31.90±1.76)kg/d]和低产组[泌乳量(19.30±1.76)kg/d],每组12头。通过24 h视频监控系统、精准饲喂系统及计步器等,观察和统计奶牛48 h内采食(采食量、采食时间、采食次数、反刍时间、反刍次数)、饮水(饮水时间、饮水次数)、运动(躺卧时间、躺卧次数、站立/游走时间、游走步数)等参数,研究奶牛行为学与泌乳量的相关性。结果表明:1)低产组奶牛的乳蛋白率极显著高于高产组奶牛(P<0.01),低产组奶牛的乳脂产量、乳蛋白产量和乳糖率显著或极显著低于高产组奶牛(P<0.01)。2)高产组奶牛的干物质采食量、饮水时间和饮水次数显著或极显著高于低产组奶牛(P<0.05或P<0.01),高产组奶牛的游走步数极显著低于低产组奶牛(P<0.01)。3)总泌乳量与干物质采食量(r=0.829,P<0.01)、饮水时间(r=0.473,P<0.05)、饮水次数(r=0.429,P<0.05)呈正相关,而与游走步数(r=-0.574,P<0.01)呈负相关。综上所述,奶牛行为学与泌乳量之间存在相关性,这些行为的差异,可为寻找通过改变行为学提高奶牛产奶性能的方法提供理论依据。