Capnographic documentation of nasoesophageal and nasogastric feeding tube placement in dogs

Objective: To evaluate the ability of capnography to document proper placement of nasoesophageal (NE) and nasogastric (NG) feeding tubes. This study was conducted in 3 phases. Phase I of this study was designed in order to test the efficacy of capnography to distinguish placement of a feeding tube in the alimentary tract versus the respiratory tract. Phase II was designed in order to document that carbon dioxide (CO₂) could be measured through a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) feeding tube. Phase III was performed in order to evaluate the technique of continuous monitoring during insertion of the feeding tube into the esophagus and stomach as would be performed during a clinical‐tube placement. Design: Prospective study. Setting: Research laboratory. Animals: 24 adult dogs. Interventions: In Phase I, sedated dogs were instrumented with an intratracheal catheter and an 8 French feeding tube placed nasally into the distal esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase II, dogs were anesthetized and an 8 French feeding tube was placed down the endotracheal tube, then into the esophagus and later advanced into the stomach. In Phase III, sedated dogs were instrumented with an 8 French feeding tube inserted intranasally and then advanced to the level of the nasopharynx, distal esophagus and, lastly, the stomach. Fluoroscopy was used in order to determine location of the feeding tube. Measurements and main results: Phase I measurements included respiratory rate and CO₂ from the trachea, esophagus, and stomach and pH of gastric fluid sample. Phase II measurements included respiratory rate and CO₂ from the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the endotracheal tube, feeding tube in the distal esophagus, and feeding tube in the stomach. Phase III data collection included respiratory rate and CO₂ as the tube was passed through the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, esophagus and stomach. Phase I fluid samples were collected from 5 of the 9 dogs and had pH values from 1.68 to 4.20. In both phases, values for the respiratory rate and CO₂ from the esophagus and stomach were 0 ± 0, significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the values from the trachea. In Phase II, there was no significant difference between the respiratory rates (P = 0.886) and CO₂ (P = 0.705) readings obtained from the endotracheal tube compared to readings from the feeding tube in the endotracheal tube. In Phase III, there was a significant difference (P < 0.001) between the respiratory rates and CO₂ readings obtained from the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx when compared to those readings obtained from the esophagus and stomach. Measurement of CO₂ and respiratory rate resulted in a reading of 0 every time the feeding tube was in the esophagus or stomach. Conclusions: Capnography may be used in order to detect airway placement of NE and NG tubes.     

瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法在反刍动物中的应用

瘤胃微生物作为一个完整的生态系统,受日粮成分、饲养方式、季节等诸多因素的影响,认识瘤胃微生物的功能及其活动规律复杂而困难。瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法有亨氏滚管法和最大或然数计数法,二者有着各自的优缺点。本文综述了瘤胃微生物的传统定量方法的应用状况及各自的优缺点。     

板栗不同品种花粉育性研究

对19个板栗品种的花粉育性的两个方面(花粉萌发率、花粉管生长特性)进行了测定 分析,发现板栗花粉的萌发率一般高于65%,以70%～90%区域内分布为最多,高于90%和低 于70%的品种较少。花粉管生长在花粉萌动后的20min中伸长最快,而后逐渐趋于平稳。一 定浓度的蔗糖溶液有助于花粉管的生长,10%、20%蔗糖浓度均能显著提高花粉管伸长速度。     

Sperm localization in the oviducts of artificially inseminated dairy cattle

Eight animals, 3 heifers and 5 primiparous cows, were artificially inseminated by intrauterine deposition of frozen-thawed semen. The insemination dose comprised 20×10⁶ or 200 × 10⁶ spermatozoa, frozen in French mini straws. Four animals were inseminated at fixed time interval (72 or 84 h) after cloprostenol injection. The remaining 4 animals were inseminated in spontaneous oestrus. Slaughter took place 2 or 12 h after insemination. After fixation the oviducts were cut into segments, which were serial-sectioned and stained. Six sections per segment were examined under the microscope for sperm recovery.The number of spermatozoa recovered from the oviducts varied considerably among animals. Recovery was poor (less than 50 spermatozoa) in 4 animals. Recovery was low when insemination took place in induced oestrus and with the lower sperm number (20×10⁶). In animals in which more than 50 spermatozoa were found the distribution varied both between animals and between oviducts within the same animal. Overall, more spermatozoa were found in the lower (UTJ, isthmus and AIJ) than in the upper (ampulla) parts of the oviducts. In 3 out of 4 animals more spermatozoa were recovered from the left than from the right oviduct. Only in 1 animal were the majority of spermatozoa found in the oviduct ipsilateral to the follicle-bearing ovary.     

蒙古绵羊胚胎胚中轴的形成

蒙古绵羊胚胎胚中轴的形成,对各器官系统的发生起着定向发育的作用。原条最初发生于交配后12天23时47分。从胚盘后结开始外胚层表面的中线加厚並向前延伸形成原条。随后,原结、原沟、原窝、头突及神经板相继出现。原条是胚中轴发生的基础。交配后13时5分,原窝底部的头突向前延伸形成管索管。交配后14天15时,脊索在内外胚层间形成空心的脊索管。脊索管的底部与内胚层融合。进而消失开口于卵黄囊,形成临时性的神经肠管。脊索是胚胎椎柱形成的中轴。胚胎的第1对体节,发生于交配后15天3时20分。交配后15天15时35分为3对体节(图1),交配后16天14时3分,已出现6对体节(图2)。此时,体节两侧的间中胚层及侧扳分界清楚。胚内体腔仅见于前肠两侧。体节的发生是胚胎的骨骼、肌肉、及尿殖系统等对称发育的基础。早期的神经扳,大约发生于交配后14天2时20分。当胎胚发育到16天14时3分,神经沟两侧的神经皱逐渐在背中线吻合,形成神经管。神经管是胚体未来中抠神经系统的原基。交配后14天5时至16天14时5分,绒毛膜呈长囊状,长约35cm。卵黄管呈细长的管状,长约30cm。羊膜随胚体发育,比胚体稍宽大。尿囊呈半月形囊,发生于胚胎的后肠。     

肺癌腔内后装治疗方法改进的研究

对７０例肺癌患者随机分为两组，用改进麻醉及插管方法与常规方法作了对经研究，结果表明：在改进法组中，患者剧烈咳嗽，支气管痉挛和咯血等并发症明显减少，并对两组并发症的治疗作了讨论。     

怀地黄脱毒试管苗生根移栽技术的研究

怀地黄为传统大宗中药材,为探究其脱毒试管苗生根移栽的最佳条件,提高移栽成活率,以怀地黄脱毒试管苗85-5为材料,探索了不同因子对地黄试管苗管内和管外生根的影响以及适宜于试管苗移栽的基质配比。结果表明:管内生根最适的PP333质量浓度为0.10mg/L,此时试管苗的根数达到28条,株高为4.0cm;接种密度为6个/瓶时,株高、叶片数、根数、根长都达到了较为理想的状态,根数达38条,株高为3.3cm;接种部位为顶芽时根数较多,达到38条,株高达到3.5cm,与侧芽相比有显著性差异;管外生根NAA生根效果明显优于IBA,2种激素最适浓度和处理时间分别为:NAA 50mg/L处理60min,苗存活率100%,生根率90%;IBA 50mg/L处理15min,苗的存活率95%,生根率85%;移栽基质的最适质量比例为草炭土∶蛭石=1∶2。     

Numerical Simulation on Whole Construction Process of High-Rise CFST Structures

The time-changing analysis model for concrete filled steel tubes was established based on the time-changing concrete model of CEB-FIP MC90, in which the interaction between steel tube and concrete core was considered by the restraint conditions of master and slave nodes. The numerical simulation method was developed for analyzing the whole construction process of high-rise CFST structures. A real structure was taken as numerical example, in which the influence of concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process was considered. The results of numerical simulation are compared with those obtained from on-site monitoring. It is shown that the concrete creep and shrinkage as well as construction process have big influence on high-rise CFST structures, which should be taken into account in designs and constructions.     

Fuzzy Assessment Method for Seismic Damage of CFST Arch Bridges

In order to investigate the conditions of damage and failure of concrete-filled steel tube(CFST) arch bridges, considering the structural and mechanical characteristics of CFST arch bridges, the dual damage criteria assessment models of the various components based on deformation or strength and energy were developed. The nonlinear seismic response of CFST arch bridges was analyzed by finite element method and the fuzzy evaluation method of seismic damage based on fuzzy theory and analytic hierarchy process was studied. Finally, taking a long-span CFST arch bridge as example, the damage index of the bridge was 0.150, 0.152, 0.172 and 0.318 respectively when the seismic peak acceleration was respectively 0.1g, 0.2g, 0.4g and 0.8g. The results show that the CFST arch bridge is slightly damaged under the earthquake when the seismic peak acceleration is 0.4g, and the bridge is damaged moderately when the peak acceleration is 0.8g.     

Analysis and experimental study on identification of inner force of steel tube under tension (compression) and bending using blind-hole method

为了解在役拉(压)弯钢管的内力情况,在盲孔法测量钢结构应力的基础上,提出了拉(压)弯钢管的内力识别方法.采用盲孔法对不同外径、不同荷载下的3组9根钢管试件进行了2种不同方式下的钻孔试验,研究了不同钻孔方式、不同外径、不同表面应力分布情况下的钻孔释放规律.试验结果表明:钻孔加工应变对测量精度影响较大,计算应力时应消除钻孔加工应变的影响;在应力超过f_y/2时需对释放系数进行塑性修正;钢管表面应力的测量精度随钢管直径的增大而提高.盲孔法用于拉(压)弯钢管的表面应力检测和杆件内力识别,无论理论上还是实际操作都是可行的,识别精度满足工程应用要求.