妊娠后期胎儿宫内生长受限对出生后羔羊内脏器官的影响

【目的】研究妊娠后期胎儿宫内生长受限对出生后羔羊内脏器官的影响。【方法】选择健康的蒙古绵    羊45只（经同期发情且同期受孕）,妊娠（90±1） d分为自由采食组（CG）、0.33 MJ ME•kgw-0.75•d-1（RG1）以及0.175 MJ ME•kgw-0.75•d-1（RG2）3个营养水平处理组,进行不同营养水平的限饲饲养。各组分别于羔羊初生及28周龄时选择4只屠宰,取出内脏。【结果】妊娠后期不同营养水平限饲母羊,严重限制了RG1（P＜0.05）、RG2（P＜0.01）组羔羊的平均初生体重：①初生时,RG1组羔羊仅肺脏重和肺脏组织总DNA含量显著低于CG组（P＜0.05）,脾脏重及脾脏组织总DNA含量极显著低于CG组（P＜0.01）;而 RG2组羔羊肺脏和脾脏均显著低于CG组（P＜0.01）,心脏、肝脏、肾脏、总胃及小肠重均显著低于CG组（P＜0.05）;其中,心脏和肾脏总DNA含量、肺脏总DNA含量和蛋白与DNA含量比、肝脏组织蛋白和DNA含量比均显著低于CG组（P＜0.05）。②28周龄时,RG1组胎儿期生长受限的肺脏、脾脏重及其总DNA含量与对照组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;除心脏外,RG2组胎儿期生长受限的肝脏、肺脏及脾脏重出生后经过28周的生长与CG组差异不显著（P＞0.05）;RG2组胎儿期降低的肾脏、脾脏细胞总DNA含量,肝脏细胞蛋白和DNA比,在试验结束羔羊28周龄时与CG组差异不显著（P＞0.05）,并且肺脏细胞蛋白和DNA比显著高于CG组（P＜0.05）,而心脏和肺脏组织总DNA含量仍显著低于CG组（P＜0.05）。【结论】妊娠后期胎儿宫内生长受限通过对其胎儿内脏器官细胞增殖与增肥不同程度的影响而改变了出生后羔羊内脏器官的生长发育轨迹。     

日粮中添加红花油对生长育肥猪生产性能和胴体品质的影响

研究日粮中添加不同水平的红花油对生长育肥猪生长性能和胴体品质的影响．日粮中添加红花油水平分别为0,0．4％,0．6％,0．8％和1％．结果表明：添加红花油的各试验组的平均日增重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗纤维等消化率显著提高（P〈0．05）,饲料利用率得到改善;各试验组猪的屠宰率和瘦肉率显著高于试验组1,眼肌面积、脂肪酸含量也比试验组1得到提高,降低了胆固醇含量,改善了猪肉品质．     

饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响

本试验旨在探讨饲粮添加亮氨酸和谷氨酸对肥育猪生长性能、胴体性状和肉品质的影响。试验选取体重为77 kg左右的"杜×长×大"肥育猪60头,随机分为5个组,每组12头猪,公母各占1/2。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加2.05%L-丙氨酸(等氮对照组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.37%L-丙氨酸(亮氨酸组)、1.00%谷氨酸+1.44%L-丙氨酸(谷氨酸组)、1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸(亮氨酸+谷氨酸组)。试验期为60 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日采食量、末重和背膘厚均显著降低(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重降低了22.50%(P0.05);亮氨酸组、亮氨酸+谷氨酸组背最长肌和股二头肌中的肌内脂肪含量显著增加(P0.05),且亮氨酸+谷氨酸组1~30 d的平均日增重增加了8.04%(P0.05),31~60 d的平均日增重则降低23.70%(P0.05)。与等氮对照组相比,亮氨酸组和谷氨酸组的熟肉率、滴水损失和肉色均无显著差异(P0.05),亮氨酸+谷氨酸组肌肉黄度值显著降低(P0.05);各试验组背最长肌和股二头肌中风味氨基酸含量均无显著差异(P0.05)。上述结果提示,饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸可降低1~30 d肥育猪的料重比,增加背最长肌肌内脂肪含量;饲粮添加1.00%谷氨酸或1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可增加1~30 d的平均日增重,降低31~60 d的平均日增重;饲粮添加1.00%亮氨酸+1.00%谷氨酸可降低肉色黄度值,增加肌内脂肪含量,从而改善猪肉品质。     

挤压膨化加工对菜籽粕中抗营养因子含量及膨化菜籽粕对生长育肥猪生长性能的影响

本试验旨在研究挤压膨化加工对菜籽粕(RM)中抗营养因子、营养物质含量以及膨化菜籽粕(ERM)对生长育肥猪生长性能、营养物质表观消化率的影响。试验1:采用本实验室的TSE65双螺杆干法挤压膨化机和优化后的加工参数组合对饲料级RM进行挤压膨化加工,测定RM和ERM中的抗营养因子和营养物质含量。试验2:以RM和ERM为主要试验材料,选取72头体重为(33.82±3.72)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪,随机分成6组,每个组3个重复,每个重复4头猪。试验16周,1、3、5组分别饲喂添加6%、10%和14%RM的饲粮,试验2、4、6组分别饲喂添加6%、10%和14%ERM的饲粮;试验712周,1、3、5组分别饲喂添加10%、14%和18%RM的饲粮,试验2、4、6组分别饲喂添加10%、14%和18%ERM的饲粮。试验期为12周。结果表明:1)与RM相比,ERM中干物质、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪、粗灰分、钙和总磷含量都有所增加;ERM中粗脂肪和干物质含量显著升高(P0.05),半胱氨酸、赖氨酸和精氨酸含量显著降低(P0.05),总氨基酸含量下降了1.75%(P0.05),硫苷和植酸含量显著降低(P0.05),异硫氰酸酯和唑烷硫酮含量低于检测限0.15 mg/g,单宁含量无显著变化(P0.05)。2)16周内,同等添加量下,2、4组末重(FBW)显著高于1、3组(P0.05);4组平均日采食量(ADFI)显著高于其余各组(P0.05);各组间平均日增重(ADG)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P0.05);6组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和干物质表观消化率显著高于5组(P0.05);6组除蛋氨酸、丝氨酸和谷氨酸表观消化率与5组差异不显著(P0.05)外,其余氨基酸表观消化率均显著高于5组(P0.05)。712周内,同等添加量下,2、4组FBW高于1、3组,6组FBW低于5组,但差异均不显著(P0.05);2组粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和干物质表观消化率显著高于1组(P0.05);2组缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、赖氨酸、组氨酸、苏氨酸、天冬氨酸、酪氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、半胱氨酸、脯氨酸和总氨基酸表观消化率显著高于1组(P0.05)。由此可见,挤压膨化加工能提高RM的营养价值并降低多种抗营养因子含量,在育肥猪饲粮中添加ERM可以提高育肥猪的生长性能和营养物质表观消化率。30-60 kg的育肥猪饲粮中ERM适宜添加量为10%,61120 kg的育肥猪饲粮中ERM适宜添加量为14%。     

萨福克羔羊0~65日龄生长发育规律研究

试验对萨福克羔羊0~65日龄生长发育规律进行了分析,旨在完善肉羊的生长发育规律研究,为萨福克羔羊0~65日龄的饲养管理及营养水平提供理论依据。试验于新疆华兴牧场惠康畜牧种羊繁育基地进行,供体母羊为纯种萨福克羊,受体母羊为哈萨克羊,并对出生的萨福克羔羊进行体尺、体重测量和记录,将数据输入Excel表格进行整理,并通过SPSS 16.0软件分析各性状平均值和各个体尺指标与体重平均值的相关性。结果表明,0~30日龄萨福克羊生长发育速度相对较快,公羔臀宽与体重的相关系数为0.989;管围与体重的相关系数为0.638;母羔臀宽与体重的相关系数为0.981,管围与体重的相关系数为0.654。0~30日龄萨福克羊公羔各性状的生长发育比母羔快,45~65日龄生长速度一致。羔羊0~15日龄体高、体长、胸围和体重等生长速度最快,而30~65日龄体高、体长、体重等部位生长速度较平稳;由体尺、体重相关性分析可知,臀宽与体重相关系数最大,管围和体重相关系数最小。由研究可知,0~30日龄营养要求关键,公羔与母羔的生长发育无明显差异,欲提高羔羊的生长发育速度则要注意羔羊各年龄阶段的生长发育规律,合理提供营养并提高饲料质量与管理水平。今后对萨福克羔羊的饲料管理中应该注重不同时期的饲养配方,合理改善饲养环境,使其发挥最大生长潜能。     

云岭黑山羊及波云F_1代的育肥性能研究

为比较云岭黑山羊和波云F1代肉羊的产肉性能和肉质特性,为今后云南省的羔羊肉生产提供科学依据,选90只3月龄断奶的波尔山羊×师宗黑山羊（波×师）、波尔山羊×文山黑山羊（波×文）、波尔山羊×楚雄黑山羊（波×楚）F1代的去势公羔和师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊的去势公羔进行育肥,育肥期为180 d;抽取6只羊进行屠宰测定与肉质分析。结果表明：在＂放牧＋补饲＂条件下,波云F1代的平均日增重（ADG）明显好于相应本地羊,差异极显著（P〈0.01）。在三个杂交组合中,波×师组的ADG比波×文组和波×楚组高,差异显著（P〈0.05）;在三个纯繁群间的ADG差异不显著（P〉0.05）,说明波×师组合生产速度更快,具有较好的遗传特性,应该作为重点培育的杂交组合类型;在全放牧条件下,波云F1代的ADG与相应纯繁后代比较,差异不显著（P〉0.05）;在＂放牧＋补饲＂条件下,杂交组合的胴体重、净肉重显著高于相应的本地品种,差异显著（P〈0.05）;在全放牧条件下,杂交组合的胴体重、净肉重也高于对应的本地品种,差异不显著（P〉0.05）。杂交组合与本地品种的肉质成份无太大差别。综合看来,＂放牧＋补饲＂方式下以波×师组合为生产肥羔的最佳组合。     

Physiological and behavioural effects of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulfate as an alternative to mulesing in lambs

Objective To assess the effects on physiology and behaviour of intradermal injection of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) as an alternative to mulesing. Procedures Three groups of Merino lambs were studied: Control (n = 10), SLS (n = 11) and Mulesed (n = 11). The SLS group received SLS (7% w/v) and benzyl alcohol (20 mg/mL) in phosphate buffer, and the Mulesed group received 6 mL topical local anaesthetic as a wound dressing. Haematology, cortisol, beta-endorphin and haptoglobin concentrations, rectal temperatures, body weight and behaviours were monitored for up to 42 days post treatments. Results SLS treatment induced mild swelling followed by thin scab formation. Fever (>40°C) was observed at 12 and 24 h, cortisol concentration was elevated on days 1 and 2, haptoglobin concentration was highly elevated on days 2–7, white blood cell count was elevated on days 2 and 4 post treatment, but average daily gain was not affected. Fever at 12 h was significantly higher in the SLS than in the Mulesed group, whereas maximum temperature, temperature area under the curve (AUC), occurrence of fever, cortisol profile, cortisol AUC, white blood cell counts and haptoglobin concentrations until day 7 were comparable. The behaviours of normal standing, total standing and total lying were modified for 2 days by SLS treatment, but changes were less marked and of shorter duration than in the Mulesed group. On day 1, the SLS group spent <5% of time in total abnormal behaviours compared with 18% in the Mulesed group. The SLS group tended to spend more time in abnormal behaviours on day 1 than the Controls. Conclusions The behaviour of the SLS group was similar to that of the unmulesed Controls and their physiological responses were intermediate between the Mulesed lambs receiving post-surgical analgesia and the Controls.     

Topical anaesthesia alleviates short-term pain of castration and tail docking in lambs

Objective To investigate the effect of a topical anaesthetic formulation on pain alleviation, wound healing and systemic levels of local anaesthetic actives in lambs undergoing castration and tail docking. Design Three placebo-controlled and/or randomised experiments were conducted using three groups of Merino lambs (n = 62, 68 and 19) undergoing routine castration and tail docking. Procedure Surgical castration, with either surgical or hot-iron tail docking, was performed with and without the application of topical anaesthetic (Tri-Solfen®) or placebo. The effects of this procedure were compared with those of rubber ring castration and tail docking, and of the handled but unmarked controls. Wound pain was assessed using calibrated Von-Frey monofilaments over a 4-h period, pain-related behaviour was assessed over 5 h, wound healing was assessed at 14 and 28 days, and the plasma levels of lignocaine and bupivacaine were determined. Results Rapid and up to 4 h primary hyperalgesia developed following surgical castration and tail docking in the untreated and placebo-treated lambs. It was absent in the castration wounds, and significantly reduced in the tail-docking wounds, of the treated lambs. Hot-iron docking was associated with mild and transient secondary hyperalgesia, which was abolished by the topical anaesthesia. There was a significant reduction in pain-related behaviours in treated lambs, which were not significantly different in their behaviour to the sham-operation handled controls. Plasma lignocaine and bupivacaine levels were below the toxic thresholds in all tested lambs. Conclusion Topical anaesthesia alleviates wound pain and significantly reduces pain-related behaviours in lambs undergoing surgical castration plus surgical or hot-iron tail docking, without a negative effect on wound healing or a risk of systemic toxicity.     

生物发酵床条件下育肥猪疾病控制效果观察

通过建立生物发酵床,利用垫料中有益菌群的占位、生物热消毒、杀菌抑菌原理,配套疾病综合控制措施,对比观察了育肥猪的疾病发生情况。结果表明:发酵床条件下育肥猪的发病率降低了10.07%;因病死亡率降低1.65%;头均防治费降低5.60元,降低了52.8%;场内原有的猪瘟、猪丹毒、猪肺疫、仔猪副伤寒、传染性鼻炎、关节炎的发病得到了有效控制;胃肠炎、蛔虫、疥癣及感冒等的发病率也出现大幅度下降趋势,分别降低8.5%、12.1%、10.6%和3.8%,;生物发酵床改善了猪舍环境,增强了猪的体况,提高了免疫效果,保障了猪群的健康。     

高档苎麻服装面料研发中的染整技术问题探讨

本文对苎麻高支细薄织物的丝光、纯苎麻单面印色休闲面料的染整工艺及吸湿快干苎麻针织面料的开发中的某些染整技术问题进行分析讨论，并提出了相关技术建议。