不同放牧方式对草地群落植物功能群组成和结构的影响

[目的]植物功能群及其多样性是维持群落结构复杂性和稳定性的基础,通过对不同放牧方式下植物功能群组成与结构的研究,深入了解呼伦贝尔草地生态系统植物功能群的构建、分布和环境适应机制,为草地生态系统群落演替方向的预测和永续经营提供科学依据.[方法]本文以内蒙古呼伦贝尔市陈巴尔虎旗的家庭牧场为研究对象,分别对禁牧、休牧和常牧样...     

棉纤维次生壁加厚期的研究进展

棉纤维是胚珠表皮细胞经分化起始、伸长、次生壁增厚和脱水成熟而形成的单细胞纤维,棉纤维细胞次生壁增厚决定棉纤维强度。利用生理或分子生物学手段,研究次生壁增厚时期的生理基础及其相关基因的表达特征,可以揭示棉纤维强度的形成机制,为进一步探索改善纤维强度的生理调控途径和运用分子手段培育高强纤维品种提供理论依据。     

超声辅助提取大豆膳食纤维及产品物性研究

【摘要】为研究超声辅助提取对大豆膳食纤维提取效率及物性的影响,以超声波进行辅助,并进行工艺优化和产品物性分析。在液料比,超声功率强度,超声温度和超声时间4个单因素试验的基础上,通过四元二次通用旋转组合设计试验优化超声辅助提取豆渣中大豆膳食纤维的工艺条件,并采用扫描电镜、红外光谱仪等对大豆膳食纤维产品进行了物性表征。试验结果表明,在液料比35ml/g,超声功率强度600W/g,超声温度50 ℃,间歇性超声处理累计时间50 min条件下大豆膳食纤维得率最高,达92.11%。物性分析结果表明,与酸溶碱沉提取、酶解辅助提取的大豆膳食纤维相比,超声辅助提取的大豆膳食纤维具有更高的持水力、溶胀力、结合水力和结合脂肪能力以及更丰富的空间网状结构;同时,超声处理增加了膳食纤维的游离羟基,但未改变其热降解机理。试验结果显示,超声辅助提取不仅能够提高大豆膳食纤维的提取率,而且对其加工性能有很好的改进作用。     

Light-microscopy evaluation of zonular fiber morphology in dogs with glaucoma: secondary to lens displacement

Lens displacement resulting in secondary glaucoma is common in terrier breeds. This study was carried out to evaluate whether light microscopy was useful in detecting abnormal patterns in zonular fiber protein. Eyes from 63 dogs with glaucoma secondary to lens displacement were evaluated for the presence of abnormal zonular fiber morphology using the following stains: hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Masson's trichrome and Verhoeff's elastin stains. Two distinct forms of abnormal zonular fiber morphology were recognized and designated as zonular fiber dysplasia (ZFD) and zonular fiber collagenization (ZFC). ZFD protein morphology was characterized by being tightly adherent to the nonpigmented ciliary body epithelium, exhibiting a distinct lamellar and cross-hatched pattern and staining strongly positive with PAS and trichrome stains, and staining negative with elastin stains. ZFD was predominant in terrier breeds (18 of 29) and Shar-Pei dogs (4 of 29). ZFC abnormality was characterized by excessive zonular fiber that was not tightly adherent to the ciliary body epithelium and staining positive with PAS, trichrome (blue for collagen) and elastin stains. Only 7 of 19 dogs with ZFC changes were terrier breeds, and there was no pattern in the breeds affected. Fifteen of the 63 dogs used in the study had normal appearing zonular fibers. The staining pattern in these dogs matched normal controls by staining positive with PAS and Verhoeff's elastin stains and had only minimal positive staining with Masson's trichrome stain. Results suggest that light microscopy is useful in detecting breed-related changes in zonular fiber morphology in cases of glaucoma secondary to lens displacement. These changes may correlate with the presence of abnormal zonular fiber proteins and might be important in the pathogenesis of primary lens displacement in terrier and Shar-Pei dogs.     

Using vibrational molecular spectroscopy to detect moist heating induced carbohydrates structure changes in cool-climate adapted barley grain

There is limited research to study how moist heating affects internal structure of barley grain on a molecular basis. The objectives of this study were to use vibrational molecular spectroscopy: 1) to determine the moist heating induced changes of barley carbohydrate (CHO) structure on a molecular basis, 2) to study the effects of moist heating on CHO chemical profiles, Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (CNCPS) subfractions, in situ rumen degradation, and predicted intestinal carbohydrate supply of barley grain; and 3) to reveal the association between molecular structure spectral features and CHO related metabolic characteristics. Barley samples (CDC cowboy) were collected from Kernen Crop Research Farm (Saskatoon, Canada) during two consecutive years. Half of each sample was kept as raw barley and the other half underwent moist heating (autoclaving at 120 °C for 60 min). The molecular spectroscopy (attenuated total reflectance-fourier transform infrared, ATR-FTIR) was used to detect the barley CHO related molecular structure spectral features. Moist heating did not affect carbohydrate related chemical profiles and CNCPS subfractions but it decreased rumen degradable carbohydrate. Rumen undegradable and intestinal digestion of CHO subfractions were not affected by moist heating. The advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy can be used to detect carbohydrate molecular spectral features. Nutrient utilization prediction using molecular spectral characteristics is warranted and further investigation is encouraged.     

海南特种野猪肌肉组织特性与胴体肉质性状的相关性研究

为了研究海南特种野猪肌肉组织学特性及其与胴体肉质性状之间的关系,试验测定了海南特种野猪骨骼肌不同部位肌纤维形态和胴体肉质性状指标,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,海南特种野猪肌纤维直径较小,肌纤维密度较大,肌纤维面积适中;肌纤维等效直径、面积、密度均与剪切力呈显著(P0.05)正相关;肌纤维等效直径和面积与肌内脂肪呈显著(P0.05)负相关;肌纤维长径与肉色和大理石纹均呈显著(P0.05)正相关。结果揭示了海南特种野猪肌纤维等效直径、面积、密度与肉质性状存在显著相关关系。其肌纤维细,肌纤维密度高,肌肉表面纹理细腻致密,嫩度好,肉质优良。     

豆渣高纤维面包的研制工艺

以豆渣为原料.探讨了豆渣纤维添加量对面包体积、弹柔性及风味的影响.结果表明:在不添加改良剂时.豆渣纤维最大添加量为5%;添加而包改良剂可提高豆渣纤维的添加量,并通过正交试验确定了在保证面包一定品质的前提下,面包改良剂为2%时,豆渣的最佳添加量为7%.     

黑杨派南方型新无性系纸浆材材性株内变异规律

系统研究了来自浙江临海黑杨派南方型新无性系试验林２０个无性系的纸浆材主要木材性状。结果表明：黑杨派新无性系树干的纤维长度自上而下逐渐增长,树冠上部枝条的纤维较中、下部枝条为短;树干木材的基本体积质量则以下部的为高,上部稍大于中部;树枝条的基本体积质量,以树冠下部的为最小,自下而上增大。不同树干部位木材纤维的长短频率分布均匀且遵从正态分布。树干纤维长度均值差异主要表现在组中值０．７ｍｍ以下和１．３ｍ     

The effects of maltodextrin/starch in soy protein isolate–wheat gluten on the thermal stability of high-moisture extrudates

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between maltodextrin/starch of different molecular weight distributions and soy protein isolate (SPI)–wheat gluten (WG) matrix during high-moisture extrusion. Two maltodextrins (dextrose equivalent (DE): 10 and 20) and wheat starch were extruded with SPI–WG blend in a system of 65, 70, and 75% moisture to investigate their effects on texture and thermal stability. Incorporating 5% maltodextrin (DE10) in the SPI–WG matrix improved the fiber structure and thermal stability. When wheat starch was thoroughly gelatinized during subsequent sterilization, the fiber structure and thermal stability were also improved. It was found that the plasticization caused by small-molecular weight saccharides and enhanced phase separation caused by large-molecular weight saccharides changed the melting temperature of blends and significantly improved the texture and thermal stability of extrudates.     

美国木材与纤维复合材料研究现状

对美国木材工业及纤维复合材料方面的研究及发展现状进行了论述, 重点介绍木材工业、木结构材料、木基复合材料、纤维复合材料、木材化学利用和木材生物质能源等领域的研究现状和发展动态, 并针对我国木材利用现状提出开展木材资源系统基础及应用研究、加快环境友好型天然纤维复合材料研发和加强木材化学及能源利用研究的建议。