广东省1992-2015年土地覆被变化的时空差异及其成因

[目的] 从地形和社会经济两个因素出发探讨广东省土地覆被变化的时空差异及成因，为土地资源的可持续利用提供依据。[方法] 基于1992-2015年间广东省土地覆被数据，使用土地利用动态度、土地利用转移矩阵、灰色关联分析等方法量化土地覆被变化的时空特征与差异。[结果] 广东省土地覆被变化以2000年为节点可分为前期（1992-2000年）和后期（2000-2015年）两个阶段。前期耕地面积显著增加，建筑用地面积增速缓慢；后期耕地面积减小，建筑用地面积扩张迅速。地形因素造成土地覆被变化存在空间差异性。在高程低，坡度缓的区域土地覆被变化主要是耕地转化为建筑用地，而在坡度中等区域主要是林地转为耕地。社会经济因素造成土地覆被变化呈现较明显时间差异性，多种因子驱动广东省土地覆被发生变化。但对于不同的土地覆被类型，驱动因子前后期的关联度大小不同，土地覆被发生变化是多种因子驱动叠加的结果。[结论] 地形因素会造成土地覆被变化的空间差异，而社会经济因素导致土地覆被变化的时间差异。     

基于限制因子改良与耕地质量潜力耦合的耕地整治分区

科学划定耕地整治重点区对于实现区域土地资源可持续利用具有重要意义。该研究以内蒙古河套-土默川平原为研究区，从农用地可改良限制因子角度出发，采取自然等提升潜力指数模型和局部空间自相关模型划分耕地质量提升潜力区，在耦合限制因子改良程度分级的基础上，确定耕地整治分区。研究结果：1）研究区耕地质量提升主要受限于土壤有机质含量和盐渍化程度，耕地整治难度整体呈现两边高中间低的趋势。2）研究区自然等提升潜力指数呈现西高东低的分布趋势，且耕地质量提升潜力空间差异明显，潜力提升呈现"低-低"聚集特征的耕地多分布在东部，呈现"高-高"聚集特征以及无聚集特征的耕地多分布在西部。3）研究区耕地共划分为4种整治类型，其中重点整治型耕地为0.84万hm2，是实施耕地整治的重点区域；选择整治型耕地为22.22万hm2，应选择其质量提升潜力相对较高且集中连片的地块进行整治；保护整治型耕地为54.98万hm2，应当被划入到基本农田保护区内；不宜整治型耕地为26.46万hm2，应当进行有选择地退出还林还草。该研究提出的研究方法可为细化限制因子在耕地整治分区中的应用提供参考，同时研究成果对半干旱区耕地整治具有现实指导意义。     

2ZB-8电磁振动式小型水稻钵苗移栽机的研究

论述了2ZB-8电磁振动式小型水稻钵苗移栽机的结构、工作流程及振动排秧机构使钵苗分散、自动成链、排列的工作原理。通过对钵苗在振动盘的上运动分析,给出了各振动参数和钵苗推送速度、抛起高度的关系,为振动排秧盘的设计提供了理论依据。同时,通过室内和田间试验,研究了2ZB-8电磁振动式小型水稻钵苗移栽机工作性能的主要影响因素及其工作性能,表明电源电压、苗高对各行一致性变异系数影响大,该钵苗移栽机具有良好的工作性能     

亚热带低丘区退化红壤肥力质量恢复性能的研究

试验和分析结果表明 ,退化红壤主要肥力因素的恢复与农用物质的投入和土壤本身理化性质均存在明显的关系。随着物质投入量的增加 ,土壤肥力质量的恢复也逐渐加快。在自然条件下 ,土壤肥力因素的恢复主要与土壤本身属性有关 ,在肥力恢复过程中 ,土壤有机质的增加量与土壤本身有机质含量呈抛物线关系 ,约当土壤有机质含量在 2 0 g/ kg时 ,增幅最大 ;在一定的含氮范围内 ,土壤氮素的增加与土壤全氮含量呈正相关 ;而速效钾的增加量与土壤本身速效钾含量呈反相关。土壤水稳定性团聚体的恢复与土壤粘粒含量及有机质含量呈正相关。试验结果表明 ,在合理的管理条件下 ,红壤肥力质量可以逐渐得到改善     

K-19小麦雄性不育-育性恢复体系的研究

该研究以粘果山羊草Ae.19(Ae.Kotschyi 19)为母本,中国春和云南铁壳小麦为桥梁亲本进行远缘杂交,获得雄性不育株,再用普通小麦品种(系)与其测交和连续回交,育成了具有粘果山羊草Ae.19细胞质普通小麦细胞核的K-19小麦雄性不育系,并选育出K-19农矮3号A等10余个优良K-19不育系,其不育性稳定,没有发现单倍体,综合性状好。从普通小麦品种(系)中发现了恢复力高的K-19小麦雄性不育恢复系(源),筛选出原KR_1等7个恢复系,国内法恢复度高达88.2％～96.9％,国际法恢复度高达116.4％～150.4％,其后代不产生单倍体或单倍体频率很低,综合性状好。K-19小麦雄性不育-育性恢复体系的建成,丰富了小麦杂优育种种质库,具有良好的生产利用价值。     

Factors influencing the intensification of farming systems and soil‐nutrient management in the rural‐urban continuum of SW Ghana

Farmers in Ghana use a variety of soil‐fertility management practices to optimize the benefits of shifting cultivation and/or to intensify their production. The research question was to analyze the relationship between these practices and the availability of the production factors land, labor, and capital. A farm survey along a gradient through SW Ghana showed that there is only a weak link between the intensification of traditional farming systems, population pressure, and reduced fallow periods as long as shifting cultivation is possible and common. Even where fallow periods reach a cut‐off point, farmers might look for land in remoter areas or invest in off‐farm activities. Only where market proximity supports the production of high‐value crops, investment flows are used to maintain continuous cultivation on favorable production sites, especially those with water access. The results verify the validity of the framework of agricultural‐systems dynamics in W Africa, developed by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) and the importance to distinguish between population‐driven and market‐driven situations. Both meet in periurban areas, which make them hot spots for research and development, while support for intensification is likely to fail where markets are far and shifting cultivation still an option.     

气候生态因子对冬小麦粒重影响规律的探讨

运用统计学原理和分析计算方法，较系统地分析了西藏山南地区冬小麦主要发育阶段气象因子对小麦灌浆时间、灌浆速度、千粒重的影响规律，得出小麦开花—黄熟期平均气温低、降水总量为１７１．６ｍｍ左右，是延长灌浆时间的有利条件；平均气温低、气温日较差小，对提高小麦千粒重最为有利，其中气温日较差是主要因子。     

Agricultural and ecological aspects of a sandy soil as affected by the application of municipal solid waste composts

We present the results of a plot experiment in which the changes in physical, chemical and physico-chemical properties of a sandy soil were examined after amending the soil with two different composts produced from municipal solid wastes. Triticale (X Triticosecale), cultivated in a 3-y monoculture, was used as a test plant. Both composts differed in their concentrations of heavy metals. Composts were applied non-recurrently in the spring before sowing, at the rates of 18, 36, and 72 t dry matter ha⁻¹. The plots without fertilization, and those fertilized annually with mineral nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K) were used as controls. Soil samples were collected 1 month after compost application, as well as each year after harvesting. Application of both composts improved soil physical properties, associated with increasing content of organic carbon (OC). Statistically significant increases of total porosity, field water capacity and amounts of plant-available water were found only in the short time after compost application. Despite the fact that soil OC content decreased with time, a C:N ratio clearly increased in the third year after compost application, which was explained by a depletion of N reserve. Both composts caused a large increase of plant-available P, K, and magnesium (Mg), which was observed during the entire period of the experiment. Beneficial changes were also observed in soil humic substances composition. These were confirmed by increased humic acids content and humic/fulvic acid ratios. Soil cation exchange capacity and base saturation increased in all plots amended with composts. This effect was still observed 1 year after compost application, while in the third year it remained significant only at the highest compost rates. Compost originating from industrial areas, even if applied in low amounts, caused a significant increase in total concentration of soil heavy metals. This fact did not result, however, in any substantial changes in soil quality with regard to heavy metals content.     

Enzyme activity and microbial biomass in a field soil amended with municipal refuse

Summary Changes in enzyme activity levels, in biomass-C content, and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis were measured in a loamy soil to which solid municipal refuse had been applied as compost over a 3-year period at two different rates. Addition of the compost caused significant increases in the activity of all enzymes tested. The increases were much higher at 90 t ha^-1 year^-1 than at 30 t ha^-1 year^-1. Significant increases were also observed in the biomass-C content and in the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Significant correlations among changes in biomass-C content and the rate of fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis and the changes in all enzymes tested were found.Two activity indices were calculated; a biological index of fertility and an enzyme activity number. No correlations were found between the biological index of fertility and the changes in the various enzyme activities. However, significant correlations were found either between enzyme activity number and most of the changes in enzyme activity, or between the enzyme activity number index and the biomass-C content (r=0.850). The use of a new activity index, the hydrolysis coefficient, is proposed. This coefficient was significantly correlated with biomass-C content (r=0.925) and with the enzyme activity number index (r=0.780).     

基于土地利用和覆被变化的黄河三角洲土壤质量预警研究

该文通过1987和2002年黄河三角洲土地利用和覆被变化与土壤肥力变化的对比分析，探讨土地利用和覆被变化对土壤肥力的影响。研究结果表明：土地利用和覆被变化对土壤肥力变化有直接影响，耕地转为林草地、建设用地、盐荒地和沙地，土壤肥力均有下降趋势；林草地转为滩涂的土壤肥力明显下降，转为盐荒地的略有下降；沙地转为耕地的土壤肥力明显提高，转为林草地有下降趋势，转为盐荒地的略有提高或不变；盐荒地转为耕地的土壤肥力有较大的提高，转为林草地的保持不变或稍有下降，转为沙地的稍有提高，转为建设用地的略微下降；滩涂转为盐荒地的土壤肥力保持不变或略微下降，转为林草地的稍有提高。