Factors that limit maintenance of recombinant rumen bacterium in sheep rumen

Factors limiting the maintenance of recombinant ruminal bacterium in the rumen were evaluated in vitro , using batch culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign xylanase gene ( B. fibrisolvens NO4) was used as a tested recombinant that was selectable on an erythromycin-containing agar medium. The recombinant tended to reduce its level slowly in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high hay diet, while its initial decrease was more apparent in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high concentrate diet. Incubation with cell-free ruminal fluid revealed a significant decrease of inoculated recombinant, suggesting the presence of antibacterial factors limiting maintenance of the recombinant. In particular, during the first 12 h of incubation this inhibition was more notable in culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep given the high concentrate diet. Autoclaving the cell-free rumen fluid inactivated the inhibition. Numbers of the recombinant for inoculation did not influence the final level of survived recombinant, that is, the initial depression was larger as more recombinant was inoculated. Subculturing with xylan before inoculation and/or direct addition of xylan to the batch culture did not improve survival of the recombinant. From these results it is suggested that the level of survived recombinant is limited to 10^2–4/mL of in vitro batch culture with restricted energy supply and that initial depression of the recombinant is mainly caused by the heat-sensitive antibacterial factors not associating with microbial cells in the rumen.     

地区竞争与政府改制

分权化改革导致了地区间的竞争,地区间竞争有利于市场化,资源市场化流动在部分地区内可以促使政府改制的出现。但资源市场化流动还取决于其他客观条件,对于资源行政化流动和客观条件落后吸引不到资源的地区,政府则没有改制的动力,这解释了现实中改制与否两种情况并存的局面,而通过财政转移支付改进落后地区客观条件具有促进当地政府改制的作用。     

番茄疮痂病生物防治研究进展

番茄疮痂病是世界范围内普遍发生的一种细菌性病害,主要为害番茄和辣椒,严重影响其产量与品质。本文综述了国内外利用植物根际促生菌(PGPR)、突变菌株(Mutant)、噬菌体(Phage)、其他生防菌及活性剂等生防因子防治番茄疮痂病的研究进展,并对该病害生物防治存在的问题和发展前景进行了探讨。     

日光温室间作新模式对环境因子及菇菜生长的影响

采用反遮光内拱棚模式,在日光温室内进行菇菜间作,研究对环境因子及菇菜生长的影响。结果表明:反遮光内拱棚日均温度15.5℃,最高22℃,最低12℃;相对湿度平均96.7%,最高99%,最低90%;光照强度最高为0.5klx;CO2平均浓度为828μL·L-1,最高为1000μL·L-1,最低为630μL·L-1,完全满足金针菇生长需求。通过斜拉秧措施,极大提高了黄瓜窄行光照强度,提高了保护地栽培效益。     

砂土地肥料配施对小麦产量和土壤肥力的影响

彩四因子干净人通用旋转设计，研究了砂土地施用有机肥、氮、肥、磷肥和钾肥对小麦产量的作用和对土壤肥力的影响及其施肥因子之间的交互作用和最适配比。结果表明：有机肥、氮肥、磷肥和钾肥与小麦产量呈二次回归关系，砂土地要提高产量和培肥地力应立足于肥料配合施用，重施有机肥，酌情多施磷肥。     

A procedure for combining a quantitative inheritance study with the first cycle of a breeding program

Summary The number of effective factors controlling the inheritance of a quantitative character can be estimated by analysis of F₃ lines where the parental lines are homozygous. The procedure is illustrated with data from a study of pod length inheritance in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The mean pod length of Sprite, the parent with longer pods, was compared statistically with the means of F₃ progenies derived from F₂ plants obtained from the appropriate tail of the F₂ frequency distribution for pod length. The data indicate that analysis of F₃ progenies avoids much of the underestimation of the effective factor number which is characteristic of other procedures. The number of effective factors was estimated to be a minimum of 4 and the correlation between random F₂ parents and F₃ progeny means was r=0.82.Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 406.     

Interspecific hybridization between Coffea arabica L. and tetraploid C. canephora P. ex Fr. I. Fertility in F1 hybrids and backcrosses to C. Arabica

Summary The interspecific (C. arabica × tetraploid C. canephora) F₁ hybrid showed a low but highly variable fertility. An almost complete restoration to normal fertility was observed in individual trees of BC₁ and BC₂ generations with C. arabica as recurrent parent. From a comparison of various tests of fertility, it was found that pollen viability is a satisfactory measure of fertility.     

An analysis of hybrid sterility in rice using a diallel cross of 21 parents involving indica, japonica and wide compatibility varieties

Summary There is much interest in the inter-varietal fertility of Asian cultivated rice. In this study, we analyzed the fertility of hybrids in a diallel set of 210 crosses involving 21 parents representing a broad range of the cultivated rice germplasm including landraces, primitive cultivars, modern elite cultivars and parents of hybrid rice. The materials were also carefully selected with respect to indica-japonica classification including typical indica/japonica, more or less intermediate and wide compatibility varieties. The level of hybrid fertility varied widely among the crosses from almost completely sterile to fully fertile. In general, hybrid fertility of intra-subspecific crosses, i.e., indica by indica (I×I) and japonica by japonica (J×J), is much higher than inter-subspecific crosses (I×J or J×I). The fertility varied widely in hybrids involving wide compatibility varieties and also in inter-subspecific crosses not involving wide compatibility varieties. An analysis of variance showed that both the main effects of indica and japonica parents and the interaction between the parents are highly significant in determining hybrid fertility. We speculate that, in addition to wide compatibility, the overall genetic difference between the indica and japonica parents, that may involve a series of minor mutations, play an important role in determining the hybrid fertility. There are also genes of sizable effect that influence fertility in hybrids resulting from specific combinations of the parents.Abbreviations I×I indica by indica cross - I×J indica by japonica cross - J×I japonica by indica cross - J×J japonica by japonica cross - WCV wide compatibility variety     

Moricandia arvensis cytoplasm based system of cytoplasmic male sterility in Brassica juncea: Reappraisal of fertility restoration and agronomic potential

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) system based on the cytoplasm from Moricandia arvensis (mori) was investigated for fertility restoration and agronomic potential. Fertility restorer gene for mori CMS was introgressed from cytoplasm donor species as all the evaluated Brassica juncea genotypes (155) acted as sterility maintainers. The allosyndetic pairing between M^a and the A/B genome chromosomes in the monosomic addition plants (2n= 18II + 1M^a) facilitated the gene introgression. Partial fertility restoration (43–52% pollen grain stainability) in F₁ hybrids and absence of segregation for male sterility in F₂ progenies suggested gametophytic control of fertility restoration. The pollen fertility in the F₁ hybrids was, however, sufficient to ensure complete seed set upon bag selfing. Introgression from M. arvensis also helped in correction of chlorosis associated with mori cytoplasm in CMS and fertile alloplasmic B. juncea plants. Yield evaluation of thirty F₁ hybrids having the same nuclear genotype but varied male sterilizing cytoplasms (mori, oxy, lyr, refined ogu), in comparison to respective euplasmic hand bred control hybrids, allowed an estimate of yield penalty associated with different CMS systems. It ranged from 1.8% to 61.6%. Hybrids based on cytoplasmically refined ogu were most productive followed by those based on cytoplasmically refined mori CMS. The male sterility systems emanating from somatic hybridization were found superior than those developed from sexual hybridization.     

Characterization for agronomic use of cytoplasmic male-sterility in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) introduced from H. resinosus Small

A backcrossing programme was carried out both to assess the stability of a cytoplasmic male‐sterility (CMS) source from Helianthus resinosus, designated RES1, and to incorporate it into inbred sunflower lines (HA89, RHA271, RHA801). All the progenies, grown in different environments, were completely male‐sterile. This suggests that the expression of this cytoplasm is stable. Female‐fertility of lines HA89, RHA271 and RHA801 carrying CMS RES1 were compared with those of the corresponding fertile inbred lines. There were no differences in the number of seeds per head. This indicates that female‐fertility is not affected by RES1 cytoplasm. Cytological studies showed that meiosis proceeds normally until the tetrad stage; consequently, the absence of pollen is caused by alterations that take place during postmeiotic stages. With the aim of identifying male‐fertility restorer genotypes, crosses were made between HA89 (CMS RES1) plants and different annual diploid and perennial hexaploid Helianthus species. All the diploid germplasm evaluated behaved as a CMS RES1 maintainer. However, the hexaploid species, H. resinosus, H. x laetiflorus, H. pauciflorus and H. tuberosus, restored pollen fertility in CMS RES1 plants.