HPLC紫外法同时检测生鲜乳中环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留

[目的]建立能同时检测环丙沙星和恩诺沙星残留的HPLC紫外检测法。[方法]采用10%三氯乙酸为提取液,直接从生鲜乳中提取环丙沙星和恩诺沙星,并进行HPLC检测。[结果]环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的最低检测限为5μg/L,在10~200μg/L浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系(r0.99),平均回收率为84%~112%,变异系数均小于5%。[结论]该方法不仅除蛋白和脂肪效果好,而且回收率较为理想,可以很好满足确证方法的要求,且重现性好。     

Using Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal as replacement for fish meal in the diet of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides,Hamilton)

The potential of Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented soybean meal (FSBM) as a partial alternative component of fish meal (FM) in fed diets of orange‐spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides) was evaluated in this study. An FM‐based diet and seven diets containing 10%, 20% and 30% and 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of FM replaced by soybean meal (SBM) and FSBM, respectively, were fed to grouper for 84 days to evaluate possible substitution levels of FM by tracking growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and morphological changes in the liver and distal intestine. No significant differences in survival and muscle composition of grouper were found between controls and treatments. Growth performance and feed efficiency of fish fed diets with FM replaced by FSBM up to 30% were not significantly different from controls, whereas significantly decreased growth performance and feed efficiency occurred with diets containing >20% of SBM. Based on the feed efficiency, the maximum substituted levels of FM by SBM and FSBM in grouper diets were 18.36% and 29.32%, respectively, based on broken‐line analyses. Histopathological changes in the liver and distal intestine, and significantly lower activity levels of digestive enzymes, including pepsin in the stomach and trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase in the distal intestine, were found in fish fed a diet containing 30% of FM replaced by SBM. However, these parameters were improved by the substitution of FSBM. It is therefore believed that FSBM has great potential to be used as a protein source in grouper diets in partial replacement of FM.     

Regression tree analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of antimicrobial components and the microbiota of normal milk from dairy cows

The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of antimicrobial components (immunoglobulin A (IgA), lactoferrin (LF), lingual antimicrobial peptide (LAP), and S100A7) in normal milk and their relation to host factors (Age, somatic cell count (SCC), days in milk, richness, and alpha diversity of the milk microbiota) in dairy cows using multivariate regression tree analyses, and to clarify how the milk microbiota is related to the obtained results. Thirty normal milk samples were collected from a commercial dairy farm in June 2020. The thresholds that predicted the concentration of each antimicrobial component in milk were obtained by regression tree analysis, and the beta-diversity of the milk microbiota composition between groups divided according to each threshold was compared by an analysis of similarities test. The IgA and LF concentrations were mainly predicted by the SCC (177,500 and 70,000 cells/ml, respectively), and the LAP and S100A7 concentrations were predicted by Age (29.667 and 40.3 months, respectively). No relationship was observed between the concentration of IgA, LAP, or S100A7 and the milk microbiota composition between the groups divided by the threshold for prediction, but the milk microbiota composition was significantly different between the groups divided by the threshold for predicting the LF concentration. Our results indicated that the LF concentration in normal milk may be associated with the milk microbiota composition.     

青绿苜蓿对牛奶中主要不饱和脂肪酸的影响

用气相色谱法测定牛奶中的棕榈油酸,油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸,通过色谱图得出所测几种不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量与对照相比较,发现补饲青绿苜蓿的奶牛组其牛奶中不饱和脂肪酸平均含量分别上升了0.59和0.05个百分点.方差分析表明,青绿苜蓿对牛奶中的不饱和脂肪酸的影响不显著.     

肥料减施条件下水稻土壤有机碳组分对紫云英—稻草协同利用的响应

研究紫云英与稻草不同利用模式在化肥减量条件下稻田表层土壤有机碳及其活性组分的差异,为合理利用有机物料调控土壤肥力提供参考。采用湖南省南县连续5年(2011—2015年)大田定位试验的方法,研究了减量施肥下洞庭湖地区紫潮泥双季稻田0-20cm表层土壤总有机碳(TOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、易氧化有机碳(EOC)和轻组有机碳(LFOC)对紫云英与稻草不同利用模式的响应。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施化肥(F100)TOC、MBC、DOC、EOC和LFOC的含量均有显著上升,增幅分别为12.2%,19.5%,18.6%,11.3%和100.9%。化肥减量20%条件下紫云英与稻草利用模式更有助于有机碳组分的积累,其中晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英(F80+HR+A)处理效果最为突出,与CK相比,增幅分别为18.3%,47.2%,24.1%,20.0%和204.0%。减量施肥下紫云英单独利用相比稻草单独还田更益于MBC、DOC与EOC的积累,增幅分别为9.8%,4.0%和0.6%,土壤LFOC则相反,下降了34.8%。敏感指数分析表明土壤有机碳及其活性组分中LFOC对土壤质量变化最为敏感,其次是MBC,二者可作为衡量土壤质量状况的良好指标。F80+HR+A各有机碳组分敏感性均显著高于F100处理。相关性分析表明水稻产量、土壤有机碳及其组分之间均呈极显著相关(p0.01)。综上所述,化肥减量条件下不同紫云英与稻草利用模式对紫潮泥稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分含量的影响存在明显差异,稻草还田能够显著提高土壤总有机碳和轻组有机碳的含量,紫云英的利用则有利于土壤微生物量碳、可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,而紫云英与稻草协同利用模式,尤其是晚稻留高桩还田冬种紫云英更有助于土壤有机碳及其活性组分的积累。     

种植翻压紫云英配施化肥对稻田土壤活性有机碳氮的影响

依托长期种植紫云英定位试验,以不施肥(CK)为对照,研究化肥(100%F)、紫云英配施100%、80%、60%和40%化肥(G+100%F、G+80%F、G+60%F、G+40%F)以及紫云英(G)对土壤活性有机碳氮、水稻产量、氮肥利用率及其他土壤养分的影响。结果表明,与对照不施肥相比,单施化肥对土壤水溶性有机碳(WSOC)的影响很小,土壤水溶性有机氮(WSON)和微生物生物量碳氮(SMBC、SMBN)含量分别增加了20.61%、10.49%和2.20%;单施紫云英处理土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN含量分别增加了25.52%、36.30%、19.16%和10.37%;紫云英配施化肥增加了土壤WSOC、WSON、SMBC和SMBN的含量,增幅分别为12.99%~22.80%、26.66%~56.61%、19.01%~29.56%和16.08%~32.90%。施肥提高了土壤活性有机碳氮占土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)的比例,紫云英配施化肥和单施紫云英效果优于单施化肥。土壤活性有机碳氮与水稻产量、SOC、TN和铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)呈显著或极显著正相关。施肥增加水稻产量,G+80%F最高(10026kg hm~(-2))。与100%F相比,化肥减施20%~40%水稻不减产,同时氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力提高,增幅分别为11.64%~149.65%和2.66%~149.92%,土壤SOC、TN和NH_4~+-N含量增加,土壤有效磷和速效钾降低。综合考虑水稻产量、氮肥利用率和土壤肥力,紫云英翻压22500 kg hm~(-2)、磷钾肥常规用量、氮肥减施20%时最优。     

添加酸马奶源乳酸杆菌对犊牛肠道菌群和短链脂肪酸含量的影响

选取刚出生的健康荷斯坦犊牛20头,随机分为酸马奶组、正常组、腹泻组和抗生素组,每组5头。除正常组外,其他3组在相同哺乳的基础上均口服100 mL致病性E.coli O1菌悬液(2.5×10¹¹ CFU/mL)建立腹泻模型,抗生素组添加环丙沙星0.5 mg/kg,试验期15 d。结果表明：酸马奶组犊牛肠道微生物丰富度与多样性显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。酸马奶源乳酸杆菌干预后显著提高了肠道内厚壁菌门、普雷沃氏菌科、毛螺菌科未确定菌属和拟普雷沃菌属的相对丰度,降低了拟杆菌门、变形菌门、梭杆菌门、放线菌门的相对丰度;酸马奶组犊牛粪便中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸含量显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。由此可见,犊牛日粮中添加酸马奶源乳酸杆菌可显著提高肠道微生物多样性,增加肠道中有益菌的丰度,降低有害菌的丰度,并显著提高其粪便中乙酸、丙酸和丁酸的含量。     

乳糖不耐受与功能性液体乳——低乳糖奶

阐述了乳糖不耐受发病机理和世界病情现状。分析了防治乳糖不耐受的低乳糖奶物理、化学和酶法等生产工艺的优缺点。重点展望了酶法低乳糖奶的市场前景和发展趋势,以及改进产品工艺过程和改善产品风味,扩大牛奶消费人群。     

低血糖指数豆乳粉的研制及其血糖指数测定

以新鲜牛乳、无糖豆粉、大豆浓缩蛋白粉和低聚糖为主要原料,研究开发低血糖指数豆乳粉,确定其生产工艺及产品配方,临床测定其血糖指数。试验结果表明,研制开发的低血糖指数豆乳粉的感官指标、理化指标以及卫生指标均符合国家相关标准,经临床验证,血糖指数仅为47.1,属于低血糖指数食品。     

超高温灭菌乳货架期品质稳定性变化研究

研究了超高温灭菌乳货架期理化特性的变化,为提高其货架期品质稳定性提供理论基础。取贮存1～6月UHT牛乳,测定上下层乳脂肪、蛋白质、总固形物含量及流变学特性。结果表明,3个月后UHT乳脂肪上浮量显著增加(p<0.05);4个月货架期后蛋白质下沉量显著增大(p<0.05);6个月货架期后上下层乳液总固形物含量无显著差异(p>0.05);6个月货架期后上层乳液的黏度高于下层乳液。超高温灭菌乳货架期3个月后发生脂肪上浮、蛋白质和总固形物下沉、上下层黏度不均一现象。