水温对不同规格细鳞鲑摄食和生长的影响

为探讨水温对不同规格细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)摄食和生长的影响,采用自制饲料在不同温度(6℃、10℃、14℃、18℃和22℃)下对小(7 g)、中(68 g)、大(169 g)三种规格的细鳞鲑进行饲养实验。研究结果表明,小规格细鳞鲑在18℃时获得最大摄食率,中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃获得最大摄食率,而大规格细鳞鲑在14℃时获得最大摄食率(P0.05)。小、中规格细鳞鲑在14℃和18℃时的特定生长率最高,而大规格细鳞鲑特定生长率在14℃时有最大值(P0.05)。相同水温条件下,细鳞鲑的最大摄食率随体重的增加而增加,特定生长率随体重的增加而降低,鱼体能值随体重的增加而升高。多元回归分析显示,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率(C_(max))的影响可以用下式模拟:lnC_(max)=–6.8282+1.1603ln W+0.3729T–0.0095T~2–0.0157Tln W;水温和体重对细鳞鲑湿重特定生长率(SGR_w,%/d)的影响可用下式拟合:ln SGRw=–1.9390–0.2184ln W+0.4376T–0.0147T~2,水温和体重对细鳞鲑能值E_t(k J/fish)的影响可用如下方程进行较好拟合:ln Et=1.0012+1.2070ln W–0.0002T~2–0.0021Tln W。逐步回归分析表明,水温和体重对细鳞鲑最大摄食率和鱼体能值的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05),而对湿重特定生长率的影响不存在交互作用(P0.05)。综合上述研究结果可以认为细鳞鲑养殖的适宜水温范围是14~18℃。     

枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群研究

随着海洋生态学研究的深入和海洋环境监测的需要,一些传统的研究方法如多样性指数等在评价大型底栖生物群落结构变化时显得说服力不足,而摄食功能群的研究越来越受到重视。本实验根据2012年8月对浙江枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物的调查实验,分析该海域夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物摄食类群的组成、空间及数量分布,并进行相关生态评价。结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场夏季大型底栖无脊椎动物组成以肉食者和滤食者占较大优势,食碎屑者、植食者和食底泥者次之,杂食者最少;肉食者的优势种为布尔小笔螺、寄居蟹、扁平管帽螺、甲虫螺和四齿矶蟹等,滤食者的优势种为条纹隔贻贝、带偏顶蛤、短石蛏和布氏蚶等,植食者的优势种为钩虾、单一丽口螺和锈凹螺等;各摄食类群水平分布较均匀,垂直分布受水深和摄食饵料的限制;基于大型底栖无脊椎动物功能类群的生态参数评价结果表明,枸杞岛海藻场大型底栖无脊椎动物群落健康状态呈虚弱水平,大部分站位大型底栖无脊椎动物群落受到轻度扰动,底栖生态质量状况较好。     

Comparative feeding, growth and movements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr from riverine and estuarine environments

Abstract– The diet composition, movcments and growth of Atlantic salmon parr rearing in the estuary of Western Arm Brook, Newfoundland were compared with those of parr from riverine habitats over 2 years. Estuarine parr consumed a variety of prey, including many freshwater taxa (mainly insects), which indicated a dependence on freshwater drift from the river. Prey of estuarine origin (amphipods and sticklebacks) were increasingly consumed between spring and autumn. Prey volume per fish and number of prey per fish increased significantly for estuarine parr between spring and autumn, suggesting an improvement in food availability. Riverine parr, however, realized a general decrease in both parameters between spring and autumn. The recapture of 16% ( n = 131) of the 829 parr marked in the estuary in 1987 and 1988 indicated a directed movement toward the head of the estuary and river mouth, as also suggested by the diet analysis. Parr from outer estuary sites were very mobile compared with parr from the estuary site closest to the river mouth, which behaved more like parr in the river proper in displaying strong site fidelity. Movement patterns of parr were primarily along the shoreline. Individual growth rates were highly variable in both environments but especially in the estuary. The mean growth of estuarine parr was 0.23 mm. d⁻¹ between May and October with some evidence of fastest growth having occurred in late spring and early summer (approx. 0.4 mm. d⁻¹); mean growth rate of riverine parr was slower, at 0.12 mm. d⁻¹. The results are discussed in the context that estuarine rearing by salmon parr represents an alternative life-history tactic for the species in river systems in eastern Canada.     

乌苏里拟Chang人工繁育技术及开发利用——乌苏里拟Chang仔幼鱼食性与生长的初步研究

对乌苏里拟Chang仔幼鱼的食性与生长进行了初步研究,在18-22℃水温下分别以水蚯蚓、鱼肉糜和人工配合饲料投喂进行对比试验,结果发现其仔幼鱼具有较广泛的食性,且不同饲料投喂后各试验组的生长没有呈现出显差异。     

Influence of pond fertilization and feeding rate on growth performance, economic returns and water quality in a small-scale cage-cum-pond integrated system for production of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

The effects of pond fertilization and feeding rate on growth, economic returns and water quality were investigated to develop a low‐cost cage‐cum‐pond integrated system for production of Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Hand‐sexed male fingerlings averaging 19±0.39 and 32±0.69 g were stocked in cages and open ponds at 150 fish cage^?1 and 2 fish m^?2 respectively. Fish were cultured for 114 days in five triplicate treatments. Cages were installed into ponds and caged fish were fed a 24% protein diet at 3% (T1) and 6% (T2) body weight day^?1 (BWD) without pond fertilization, and 6% BWD with pond fertilization (T3). The open water in the fourth treatment (T4) was not stocked but contained caged fish, which were fed 6% BWD for the first 57 days followed by 3% BWD for the remaining period. Ponds in the control (T5) had no cages and were neither fertilized nor open‐pond fish fed. Feeding rate and pond fertilization significantly (P<0.05) affected fish growth, profitability and water quality among treatments. Fish growth, feed utilization, fish yield, water quality and profits were significantly (P<0.05) better in T3 than the other treatments. It was concluded that fish production and economic returns were optimized at 6% BWD in fertilized ponds.     

Distribution and induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 in the rainbow trout brain

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1 participates in the activation as well as detoxification of environmental pollutants such as aromatic hydrocarbons. This CYP form is also efficiently induced by aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of CYP 1A1 in the brain might thus be of physiological and toxicological importance. In the present investigation on rainbow trout, the distribution of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, a cytochrome CYP 1A1 catalyzed reaction, was measured in whole tissue homogenates from brain parts. In control fish, a relatively high activity was found in the rainbow trout olfactory bulb compared to the other brain parts. Although an EROD induction (3 to 7-fold) by β-naphthoflavone (BNF) was recorded in all brain parts from the rainbow trout, the highest induced activity was measured in the olfactory bulbs. To ascertain the distribution of EROD activity in cells, whole brain tissue was subfractionated by differential centrifugation. The fractionation scheme separated mitochondria (P2 fraction) and microsomes (P3 fraction) as determined by marker enzymes and electron microscopy. In control rainbow trout, a low EROD activity could be measured in the P2 fraction. BNF induced the EROD activity in both P2 and P3 fractions. Western blotting showed the induction by BNF of a protein band in the P2 and P3 fractions with a molecular mass around 58,000 when highly specific anti-cod CYP 1A1 antibodies were used. ELISA measurements confirmed the induction of CYP 1A1 protein in the rainbow trout brain subcellular fractions.     

瓣结鱼食性的研究

以采自贵州境内清水江、都柳江的318尾瓣结鱼(Tor(Foliter)brevifilis brevifilis)为研究对象,从食物组成、摄食强度和摄食形态学等方面研究了瓣结鱼食性的特点。结果表明:瓣结鱼的食物由双翅目昆虫幼虫等17类饵料生物组成,并以双翅目昆虫幼虫的出现率最高。瓣结鱼的充塞度按春、夏、秋、冬季逐渐增高,季节性变化明显。充塞指数随体长生长显著减少,而摄食率则随体长生长逐渐增加。充塞指数和摄食率均以V期性腺个体为最低。瓣结鱼为底层杂食性鱼类。     

基于稳定同位素的口虾蛄食性分析

为了探讨口虾蛄的食物组成,利用稳定同位素方法对2015年5月在汕尾红海湾海域采集的口虾蛄及其饵料生物的碳、氮稳定同位素比值(δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值)进行分析,定量研究不同饵料生物在口虾蛄食物中的贡献比率。结果表明,口虾蛄的δ~(13)C值为–18.1‰~–16.3‰,δ~(15)N值为10.9‰~13.5‰,平均值分别为–17.1‰±0.5‰和12.7‰±0.7‰。δ~(13)C和δ~(15)N值的变化范围均较大,表明口虾蛄的食物来源较多。口虾蛄的食物主要由鱼类、虾类、贝类、蟹类和桡足类组成。其中,贝类为口虾蛄的主要食物,平均贡献率为38.6%;其次为蟹类和桡足类,平均贡献率分别为22.9%和16.0%;虾类的平均贡献率为13.6%;鱼类的平均贡献率最低,仅为8.9%。根据δ~(15)N值及营养级的计算公式得出,口虾蛄的营养级为3.01±0.22,在其5类食物中,桡足类的营养级最低,仅为1.77±0.12;其次为贝类;蟹类和虾类的营养级分别为2.78±0.21和2.89±0.16;鱼类的最高,为2.98±0.15;它们的营养级均低于口虾蛄。此外相关分析显示,口虾蛄的δ~(15)N值与其个体体质量间存在极显著的正相关关系,说明不同大小的口虾蛄营养级有所差异。