上海外高桥口岸从进境羊毛中截获的杂草种类

上海外高桥口岸是原毛进境的重要口岸,外高桥检验检疫局在进境羊毛检验检疫中发现进境羊毛携带有大量杂草籽。本文对外高桥局2011年1～9月份进境羊毛中截获的杂草进行了统计与分析,共截获杂草10112批次,73种;其中检疫性杂草4种,435批次。并针对外来入侵杂草管理提出对策和建议。     

75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂防除非耕地杂草试验

应用75%甲嘧磺隆水分散粒剂对非耕地杂草进行防除试验。结果表明,试验剂量在45～75g/667m2范围内,防治效果达100%。     

干旱区平原水库坝后排水沟对下游农田土壤水盐运移的影响

干旱区平原水库的渗漏会抬高坝后农田地下水位,使土壤发生盐渍化,许多土地因此减产甚至弃耕。坝后设置排水沟是一种有效控制农田地下水位的措施。本研究采用排水沟调控坝后农田的地下水位,并利用HYDRUS模拟出在不同地下水位和深度的条件下土壤含水率与含盐量的变化情况,将实测数据与模拟数据相互对比,检验出模拟值的可靠度。研究结果表明:地下水位通过排水沟从1 m降到3 m,表层含盐量相差1.49～33.19 g·L~(-1),因此排水沟遏制地下水位越深,水盐运移越不明显,次生盐渍化越不容易发生,反之,则容易发生土壤盐渍化;地下水位相同时,土体种植植物可以降低含水率和含盐量,其中含水率最大变化为6.33%,含盐量仅相差0.08～4.56 g·L~(-1)左右,而且随着土层深度增加其影响的程度也逐渐减小。设置排水沟是解决坝后农田土壤盐渍化的较好方式。     

不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验,试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理,于2016年11月—2017年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内,各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0,各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致;相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量,N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100,与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%;配施秸秆后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势,生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明,氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应,而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明,土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系,土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明,土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应,N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大,秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此,添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

南繁区转基因水稻田杂草种类调查

为了弄清南繁区转基因水稻田、非转基因水稻田和空白对照田杂草种类及发生情况,采取5点取样法,对3种田的田间杂草种类及危害情况进行了调查。结果表明：转基因水稻田有杂草19种,隶属11科,优势杂草为空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、千金子,相对多度分别为37．58％、28．51％、26．24％、21．70％、21.62％、20．84％;非转基因水稻田主要杂草包括17种,隶属10科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、牛毛毡、莲子草、水苋菜,相对多度分别为40．14％、29．83％、29．83％、24．11％、21．70％;空白对照田主要杂草包括12种,隶属8科,优势杂草为空心菜、水莎草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、莲子草、鳢肠,相对多度分别为60．28％、36．76％、34．98％、33.80％、29．11％、23．25％;水稻田（转基因水稻和非转基因水稻）中各优势杂草的危害程度明显低于空白对照;除了千金子,转基因水稻田中的优势杂草（空心菜、牛毛毡、水莎草、莲子草、水苋菜、碎米莎草、鳢肠）的危害程度均略低于对应的非转基因水稻。     

Fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in three crop rotation systems

Weed seeds in and on the soil are the primary cause of weed infestations in arable fields. Previous studies have documented reductions in weed seedbanks due to cropping system diversification through extended rotation sequences, but the impacts of different rotation systems on additions to and losses from weed seedbanks remain poorly understood. We conducted an experiment in Iowa, USA, to determine the fates of Setaria faberi and Abutilon theophrasti seeds in 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐year crop rotation systems when seed additions to the soil seedbank were restricted to a single pulse at the initiation of the study. Over the course of the experiment, seedlings were removed as they emerged and prevented from producing new seeds. After 41 months, seed population densities dropped >85% for S. faberi and >65% for A. theophrasti, but differences between rotation systems in the magnitude of seedbank reductions were not detected. Most of the reductions in seedbank densities took place from autumn through early spring in the first 5 months following seed deposition, before seedling emergence occurred, suggesting that seed predation and/or seed decay was important. For S. faberi, total cumulative seedling emergence and total seed mortality did not differ between rotation systems. In contrast, for A. theophrasti, seedling emergence was 71% lower and seed mortality was 83% greater in the 3‐ and 4‐year rotation systems than in the 2‐year system. Results of this study indicate that for certain weed species, such as A. theophrasti, crop rotation systems can strongly affect life‐history processes associated with soil seedbanks.     

进口粮谷中携带杂草种子种植存活率的研究

将进口粮食中截获的杂草种子种植于隔离的自然环境中,观察自然环境下外来杂草的存活情况:在一个生长季种植的21科97种9152粒杂草种子中,有13科85种640粒种子最终存活,种类存活率达到87.6%,种子数量存活率达到7.0%;有超过一半种类的杂草种子存活率在0%~50%之间,处于中低存活水平。在此基础上,提出进口粮食的监管过程中,在严防撒漏的同时,要特别注意加强监测,尤其在杂草成熟前采取防除措施,是防止疫情扩散的关键环节。     

Study of Resistance to Orobanche ramosa in Host (Oilseed Rape and Carrot) and Non-host (Maize) Plants

Orobanche ramosa is a parasitic Angiosperm responsible for severe yield losses in several economical crops. It is a serious threat in oilseed rape in France and Morocco and is appearing in carrot crops in Morocco. In this study, several varieties of oilseed rape and carrot were screened in order to identify resistant cultivars and to characterize the resistance mechanisms involved. All the 15 oilseed rape varieties tested were susceptible. In carrot, the varieties 'Colmar à coeur rouge' and 'Nantaise demi-longue' were susceptible, whereas 'Palaiseau' and 'Buror' were resistant. In the susceptible 'Colmar à coeur rouge' carrot no defence reactions were found and the development of the parasite inhibited carrot tap root formation. In the resistant carrot varieties, the parasite germinated, became attached to the host root but became necrotic before emergence. In 'Buror' carrot, formation of a mechanical barrier was associated with the restriction to the cortex of the parasite. In maize cv. 'Vigni', a non-host of O. ramosa, thickening of xylem vessels, cell divisions in the central cylinder and formation of an encapsulation layer were observed in association with restricted development of Orobanche haustoria.     

Glutathione transferase activities toward herbicides used selectively in soybean

Using extracts from suspension-cultured cells of soybean (Glycine max cv. Mandarin) as a source of active enzymes, the activities of glutathione transferases (GSTs) catalysing the conjugation of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and selective herbicides were determined to be in the order CDNB≫ fomesafen>metolachlor=acifluorfen>chlorimuron-ethyl. GST activities showed a thiol dependence in a substrate-specific manner. Thus, GST activities toward acifluorfen and fomesafen were greater when homoglutathione (hGSH), the endogenously occurring thiol in soybean, was used as the co-substrate rather than glutathione (GSH). Compared with GSH, hGSH addition either reduced or had no effect on GST activities toward other substrates. In the absence of enzyme, the rates of hGSH conjugation with acifluorfen, chlorimuron-ethyl and fomesafen were negligible, suggesting that rapid hGSH conjugation in soybean must be catalysed by GSTs. GST activities were subsequently determined in 14-day-old plants of soybean and a number of annual grass and broadleaf weeds. GST activities of the plants were then related to observed sensitivities to post-emergence applications of the four herbicides. When enzyme activity was expressed on a mg^-1 protein basis, all grass weeds and Abutilon theophrasticontained considerably higher GST activity toward CDNB than soybean. With fomesafen as the substrate, GST activities were determined to be in the order soybean≫Echinochloa crus-galli>Digitaria sanguinalis>Sorghum halepense=Setaria faberi with none of the broadleaf weeds showing any activity. This order related well to the observed selectivity of fomesafen, with the exception of A. theophrasti, which was partially tolerant to the herbicide. Using metolachlor as the substrate the order of the GST activities was soybean>A. theophrasti≫S. halepense>Amaranthus retroflexus>Ipomoea hederacea, with the remaining species showing no activity. GST activities toward metolachlor correlated well with the selectivity of the herbicide toward the broadleaf weeds but not toward the grass weeds. Acifluorfen and chlorimuron-ethyl were selectively active on these species, but GST activities toward these herbicides could not be detected in crude extracts from whole plants. © 1997 SCI     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作小麦田土壤团聚体氮组分的影响

利用田间定位试验研究旱作农田不同覆盖措施对土壤团聚体氮组分的影响。基于黄土高原8年冬小麦覆盖定位试验,试验设置生育期秸秆覆盖(SM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)3个处理。采用干筛法测定团聚体分布特征及不同粒径团聚体中全氮(STN)、微生物量氮(MBN)和潜在可矿化氮(PNM)含量。结果表明:(1)与CK处理相比,2种覆盖处理均未在各粒径团聚体全氮含量有显著变化,但SM处理相较于PM处理提高了0—10 cm土层的1.00～0.25 mm粒径团聚体STN含量(12.88%,P0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比,SM处理在0—10 cm土层中2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量分别提高18.67%,24.05%,20.08%(P0.05),且各粒径团聚体PNM含量分别提高35.13%,30.03%,42.88%(P0.05);SM处理在10—20 cm土层中2.00 mm粒径团聚体MBN含量提高23.02%(P0.05),分别提高2.00,2.00～1.00,0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量28.59%,31.31%,32.48%(P0.05)。(3)PM处理较CK处理提高0—10 cm土层中0.25 mm粒径团聚体PNM含量(32.34%,P0.05)。(4)微团聚体(0.25 mm)氮组分含量均高于大团聚(0.25 mm)氮组分含量,但大团聚体氮组分贡献率为81.88%～87.66%。可见,SM处理可提高土壤表层大团聚体氮组分的贡献率,使更多的氮素储存在大团聚体中,而PM处理对团聚体氮素贡献率的影响作用较小。总体而言,与CK和PM处理相比,SM处理可提高总土壤氮组分含量,提高微团聚体和大团聚体氮组分含量,使更多的氮储存在大团聚体中,促进土壤氮素周转。