不同处理方法对美国截叶胡枝子种子发芽的影响

美国截叶胡枝子的硬实率很高,发芽率只有17.3%。经过种子预处理,如采用不同温度下浸种、98%浓硫酸浸泡、机械破皮和机械破皮结合热水浸种等处理,结果表明,机械破皮后用60℃热水浸种处理的效果最好,发芽势和发芽率分别达到64.0%和74.3%;其次是机械破皮,平均发芽率达到50%;浓硫酸浸种可以显著提高种子发芽势,浓硫酸浸种5min效果最好,发芽率达到44.7%;热水浸种的处理效果不佳,最好的90℃热水浸种处理发芽率也仅有26.7%。     

The separate effects of the nature of diet and grazing mobility on metabolic potential of muscles from Charolais steers

The objectives of the two experiments presented were to determine the separate effects of diet and mobility associated with grazing on the metabolic potential of muscles of Charolais steers reared at similar growth rates and slaughtered at the same age (31 months on average).Glycolytic [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), phosphofructokinase (PFK)] and oxidative [β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HAD), citrate synthase (CS), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), cytochrome c oxidase (COX)] enzyme activities were measured spectrophotometrically in semitendinosus (ST), a glycolytic muscle, and rectus abdominis (RA), an oxidative muscle.In Experiment 1, 24 weaned steers were assigned to two groups: grazing grass (GG) and maize silage (MS). In Experiment 2, 30 weaned steers were assigned to five groups: grazing grass (GG), cut grass without walking (CG), cut grass with walking (CGW), maize silage without walking (MS) and maize silage with walking (MSW). Both experiments lasted for 2 years. All grass fed animals were fed grass silage during the two winter seasons. During the two summer seasons, GG steers were grazing and did not receive any supplementation while CG and CGW steers were fed indoor freshly cut grass alone. MS and MSW steers were fed maize silage indoor during the entire experiment. For the second summer before slaughter, half of the indoor fed steers on each type of diet (CGW and MSW groups) was submitted 7 days a week to a 5.2 km walk daily.At slaughter, carcass weight and composition did not differ between groups. Oxidative HAD, CS and ICDH enzyme activities were higher for GG, as compared with MS group, in RA muscle in both experiments (P < 0.05 to 0.01) and in ST muscle (P < 0.05) in Experiment 2. Muscles from the GG group were thus more oxidative than those of the MS group. It was further tested whether these effects could be specifically attributed to the nature of the diet or to differences in mobility. A cut grass diet (vs. maize silage) increased HAD and ICDH activities (P < 0.05) and mobility induced by walking increased HAD and CS (P < 0.01) activities. In conclusion, the more oxidative metabolic orientation of muscles of grazing steers originates from a combination of two effects: an increase mobility at pasture and a grass (vs. maize silage)-based diet.     

Effect of soil water stress on the development of stone cells in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. ‘Niitaka’) flesh

This study was carried out to investigate the cause of stone cell formation in pear (Pyrus pyrifolia cv. ‘Niitaka’) flesh. Potted plants grown in a glass house were subjected to water stress conditions without irrigation for 30 days from 30 days before full bloom (BFB treatment), full bloom (FB treatment) and 30 days after full bloom (AFB treatment). Control plants were drip-irrigated daily maintaining a soil matrix potential around −40 ± 5 kPa. The formation of stone cells in pear flesh increased in the FB treatment and AFB treatment plants and this tendency was sustained until the harvest season. Root activity was investigated 60 days after full bloom (DAFB) and the triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) reduction potential, the formazan content and leaf water potential were investigated 30, 45, and 60 DAFB. Root activity decreased progressively due to the effect of water stress. Also, the Ca content in leaf and flesh was lower. The peroxidase activity was high in the flesh at the early stages of fruit growth and decreased at the late stages of fruit growth, and then a higher increase of peroxidase activity was observed in water-stressed fruit. The reduction in calcium content of leaf and fruit in plants under water stress may be related to the reduction of root activity and leaf water potential. The increase in peroxidase activity under water stress may be due to limited calcium absorption. Higher peroxidase activity may induce the accumulation of lignin in the cell wall and promote the formation of stone cells in pear flesh. We conclude that water stress condition during the early stages of fruit growth is one of several factors that determine the formation of stone cells in pear flesh.     

西瓜成熟花粉的超微结构

为了解西瓜成熟花粉的超微结构特点,特别是营养细胞和生殖细胞之间的关系,选取刚开花的西瓜雄花采集花粉,2.5%戊二醛固定并制成超薄切片,透射电镜观察照相。结果表明,西瓜成熟花粉粒中营养细胞含丰富脂类储藏物质和内质网,内质网堆叠,周围和间隙中充满脂类物质;含丰富高尔基体和大量小泡;质体很少。营养核通常深度开裂,产生多数裂片,裂片伸向生殖细胞。生殖细胞流线型,细胞壁电子透明,细胞核伸长,细胞质含高尔基体、内质网,不含质体。生殖细胞表面产生波状突起,波峰背离营养核。生殖细胞一端伸入营养核裂片间隙,2者构成雄性生殖单位。     

耕地和建设用地区域协调研究——以陕西省为例

为保护日益减少的耕地资源和确保国家的粮食安全,我国从1997年开始实行“耕地总量动态平衡”的土地管理政策。但由于我国正处于工业化和城镇化快速发展阶段,建设用地增加、耕地减少的趋势仍在加快。本文基于陕西省省域耕地总量动态平衡的视角和区域经济社会发展与土地利用的协调分析,通过采用单一土地利用动态度、土地利用相对变化率和土地利用面积变化相对百分比等模型分析陕西省各市(区)耕地、建设用地统计面积变化情况,以及和标准分配面积的时空差异状况,并据此提出了耕地保护和建设用地存在的问题,和实现陕西省区域土地利用协调的对策。     

陕西省耕地数量变化对粮食总产的影响

对1978年以来陕西省粮食总产量、耕地面积的变化以及相关影响因素进行统计分析,结果表明,陕西省耕地资源数量呈持续减少趋势,其主要原因是生态退耕和农业产业结构调整,其次为建设用地、灾毁等;粮食总产量呈波动上升趋势 ,粮食总量年变化率与粮食播种面积年变化率、耕地面积减少量和因其导致的粮食减产量变化趋势高度一致,说明耕地面积的减少直接导致粮食产量的减少,耕地资源数量是影响陕西省粮食产量的重要因素.因此,保持一定数量的耕地面积的动态平衡是保障粮食安全的先决条件.     

树干径向变化对茎液流以及气象因子的响应

应用改进的SF-L型热扩散式树液流测定装置和DC型植物生长测量仪,结合北京2007年6-10月的气象数据,探讨了北京山区油松、侧柏树干茎周长动态因素与液流速率和气象因子之间的相关关系,并运用树木径向变化周期分段法将树木径向生长量从径向变化过程中分离开,结果表明:(1)油松、侧柏茎周长变化与液流速率的关系显著(P<0.01),油松为正相关,侧柏为负相关.(2)空气水汽压亏缺、日温差、空气湿度和日照时数与油松、侧柏茎周长变化关系显著,但在回归拟合过程中侧柏的解释因子只有空气水汽压亏缺和日平均风速,且解释程度比较低(0.356).(3)油松、侧柏茎周长生长量的拟合水平较高,且影响气象因子相同,侧柏的液流速率也成为解释因子之一.水汽压亏缺、空气温湿度、日照时数、土壤水势和风速对树木的生长起到决定性的作用.     

不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响

为探明不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田土壤酸解有机氮组分的影响,2014年在定西市安定区李家堡镇布设的不同氮水平下秸秆、生物质炭添加定位试验(共9个处理),利用Bremner分级法,对该试验2018年收获后的土壤有机氮组分进行测定与分析。结果表明:在0～30 cm土层(0～5、5～10、10～30 cm土层),各处理酸解总有机氮、酸解氨态氮、酸解氨基酸态氮、酸解未知态氮含量均随土层的加深而降低,酸解氨基糖态氮含量随土层的加深而增加;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),生物质炭添加(BN0、BN50、BN100处理的均值)处理可提升酸解总有机氮含量10.12%、9.14%、7.61%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨态氮含量15.02%、16.25%、17.19%(土层由上至下),提升酸解氨基酸态氮含量13.31%、11.84%、8.74%(土层由上至下),其中BN100处理下对其提升效应最显著;较之无炭处理(CN0、CN50、CN100处理的均值),秸秆添加处理(SN0、SN50、SN100处理的均值)可提升酸解氨基糖态氮含量26.46%、26.51%...     

不同放牧强度对滩羊生产性能影响的研究

为寻找适宜宁夏盐池县草地的放牧强度,于2003年5-11月在该县四墩子试点设5个处理(0.45、0.60、1.75、1.05和1.50只/hm2)进行轮牧,轮牧周期为42 d,共放牧154 d。结果表明:1)滩羊采食量随放牧强度的加重而降低。同一放牧强度下,随放牧时间推移,采食量先逐渐增大而后下降。2)在试验期内,不同放牧强度下,滩羊体重随时间推移总体上都呈增加趋势。在10月2日之后体重开始出现分化。与放牧强度重的处理相比,放牧强度轻的处理日增重峰值较高,持续时间较长。3)滩羊个体增重与放牧强度之间存在着强的负相关;单位草地面积(1 hm2)增重与放牧强度之间呈强的正相关,初步可以确定在该类草地上放牧强度应在0.75只/hm2左右。4)随着放牧强度的加重,饲料报酬先增大后减小。在同一放牧强度下,饲料报酬随时间的推移先升高后降低。5)当放牧强度超过0.75只/hm2以后,滩羊出现了空怀、产羔率降低和推迟怀孕的现象。6)综合考虑各研究指标,该类草地放牧强度以不应超过0.75只/hm2为宜。     

关中农田土壤剖面的主要物理性状研究

为了探明现代长期集约化生产和耕作管理模式下土壤物理状态的变化特征,对关中地区农田0～60 cm剖面范围内的土壤物理特性进行了研究。结果显示：(1) 土壤剖面容重呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,表层0～10 cm土壤容重最小,为1.34 g·cm^-3,20～40 cm土层容重高达1.67 g·cm^-3,达到了制约根系延伸的极限容重;(2) 土壤紧实度随着剖面深度增加逐渐增大,0～15 cm、15～25 cm、25～45 cm土层范围内的平均值分别为482 kPa、1 647 kPa、2 268 kPa;(3) 土壤饱和导水率随着土层深度增加而逐渐减小,其中0～10 cm土层的饱和导水率最高,平均为0.968 mm·min^-1,且各土层之间的差异达到显著水平。研究表明只有0～10 cm土层土壤结构性较好,而10 cm以下土壤的物理状态具有明显的退化趋势,制约着作物根系的延伸、气体交换和水分的入渗,应予以足够的重视。