临沂市农民林业专业合作社发展数据分析

从临沂市农民林业专业合作社发展的现状出发,全面阐述全市林业合作社的特点和相关政策措施,并试图站在林业经济角度,以利润率、营销额、利润、注册资金等会计指标,以县区、类型为对象,分析全市林业合作社的发展与组成,并通过实例,分析测算入社社员具体的经济效益的变化。     

The implications and challenges of First Nations forestry negotiations in British Columbia,Canada: The Tl’azt’en Nation experience

Abstract

This article examines the implications and limitations of First Nations forestry negotiations in British Columbia (BC), Canada by assessing how effectively the Tl’azt’en Nation is able to realize benefits under the current form of negotiations. The primary goal of the Tl’azt’en Nation has always been to defend their Aboriginal interests within their ancestral lands, which would entail the cessation of clear-cutting on their traditional territory. Although the community has pursued some economic opportunities in the forestry sector to improve their socioeconomic conditions, despite their efforts, the socioeconomic status of the community remains unchanged. The collective experience of the Tl’azt’en Nation illustrates that simply obtaining certain forest tenures and short-term-based revenue sharing agreements does not adequately meet their forestry and self-sufficiency goals. Without addressing the fundamental issues and challenges facing the community, the current practice of forestry negotiations between the Provincial government and the Tl’azt’en Nation has produced no significant benefits to the community.     

Formal Address

Summary

A combination of social, economic and physical factors contribute to a decision to migrate for a peasant farmer. Seventy percent of Panamanian land comprises steep topography with low soil fertility. Campesinos (peasant farmers) must perpetually migrate when the land they have settled in the forest loses fertility. This process of continual migration results in deforestation and conversion of forest land to pasture land, which then becomes degraded and subsequently abandoned. Also, government policy has not favored the activities of small land owners, but loans from national banks have financed the promotion of large-scale cattle ranches.

Migration patterns consist of moving to a forested area, clearing it for agriculture for one to three years, and thereafter sowing it for pasture. These conditions eventually result in low agricultural and cattle production. Campesinos therefore sell the land to cattle ranchers who can afford to invest in better management practices. Deforestation in the Canal Watershed, therefore, has left a pattern of land ownership comprising a matrix of a few large landowners, within which remain numerous but small peasant land holdings.

A program for small land owners in and around the Watershed region that promotes social, cultural, and economic stability of land use is needed. Supporting and promoting agroforestry with uses of native tree species associated with subsistence and market crops is an alternative for slowing deforestation and promoting sedentary land use.     

A Case Study Assessment of Agroforestry

Summary

Finding sustainable land-use systems within the Panama Canal Watershed will be necessary for future management by the Panamanian government. Agroforestry is a land-use option for small-scale farmers living within the Watershed that can help achieve the goals of both conservation and productivity. This case study qualitatively evaluates current agroforestry projects in the Canal Watershed using an analytical framework based on other evaluations of agroforestry systems in Central America. Designated criteria for the analysis include: management objectives, project life span, incentives, technology, economic feasibility, community involvement, and extension. These factors can present obstacles to wide-scale adoption of agroforestry systems by small-scale farmers, thus preventing the realization of associated benefits of agroforestry. The analysis of the three field sites visited in March 1998 is followed by recommendations for expanding agroforestry practices among farmers in the Watershed.     

云南省林业社会化服务体系现状及发展对策

健全林业社会化服务体系对巩固集体林权制度改革成果具有重要意义。基于对云南省林业社会化服务体系现状的分析,对云南省林业社会化服务体系建设的发展提出了4点对策:进一步推进林权管理体系建设,进一步加快林农专业合作社建设,进一步加大金融支持力度,进一步加大科技服务能力建设。     

云南省农户沼气使用意愿的影响因素研究

利用云南省13个州(市)25县(市、区)25个村的1 225份样本农户问卷调查数据,采用因子分析和Logistic回归分析方法,分析了影响农户沼气使用意愿的显著因素,得出以下结论:有5个因素对农户目前沼气的使用情况有显著影响,根据影响的程度依次为家庭劳动力数量(f1)、沼气的通达性(f4)、农户饲养牲畜状况(f5)、家庭经济状况(f3)、耕地面积(f2)。建议今后在制定农村沼气发展政策时应更加注重后续服务体系、标准体系和新技术推广体系建设。     

墨紫含笑扦插繁殖研究

对墨紫含笑（Michelia crassipes‘Mozi’）不同扦插时间、不同插穗直径的插条成活率进行试验研究。结果表明：墨紫含笑不同扦插时间的插条成活率差异极显著（P<0.01）,春季3月份扦插成活率较高,为60.1%;不同直径扦插穗条的选取对扦插成活率有显著影响（P<0.05）,直径3~6 mm 的半木质化穗条扦插成活率较高,为65.9%。扦插繁殖技术简单、时间短、成本低,对于科研能力较弱、规模化程度低的林场具有一定的优势。     

花叶络石组织培养研究

文章以花叶络石（Trachelospermum jasminoides ‘Variegatum’）幼嫩茎段为外植体,研究了不同消毒时间的外植体消毒效果、激素质量浓度配比对腋芽增殖及生根的影响和移栽基质配比,建立花叶络石快速繁殖体系。结果表明：0．1％升汞消毒10 min 效果最好,成活率达72％;花叶络石腋芽增殖较好的培养基组合为 MS ＋BA2．0 mg／L ＋NAA0．05 mg／L,增殖倍数4．23;最佳的生根培养基为1／2MS ＋IBA0．3 mg／L,生根率达到97．2％;花叶络石移栽较优的基质配比为蛭石∶珍珠岩∶泥炭＝6∶1∶3,成活率达93％。     

盐胁迫下赤霉素和钙对洒金柏种子萌发的影响

以洒金柏种子为材料,研究了NaCl胁迫下赤霉素和不同浓度的钙组合对其萌发效果的影响。结果表明,2.5 mg/L GA3+25 mmol/L Ca2+处理下的发芽率、发芽指数比对照分别提高了19%、51%,差异显著;经2.5 mg/LGA3+20 mmol/L Ca2+处理的种子活力指数比单独使用20 mmol/L的Ca2+提高了48.02%;而2.5 mg/L GA3+15mmol/L Ca2+处理的发芽势比对照提高了18.7%。同时盐胁迫下,洒金柏幼苗内可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量均增加,其中2.5 mg/L GA3+10 mmol/L CaCl2处理下的可溶性糖和2.5 mg/L GA3+15 mmol/L CaCl2处理下的可溶性蛋白含量增加幅度最为显著,分别比对照增加56.8%、120%。结果表明,GA3和Ca2+组合使用可缓解盐胁迫对洒金柏种子萌发的抑制作用。     

思茅松梢斑螟形态特征及生物学特性研究

思茅松梢斑螟为思茅松新记录害虫,是一种具有严重危害性的森林枝梢害虫.2007～2009年,在云南省普洱市通过对思茅松梢斑螟的地理分布、危害情况进行调查,并在室内对思茅松梢斑螟的形态特征、生物学特性进行观察.结果表明,思茅松梢斑螟在普洱市分布范围广,主要分布于海拔700～1 800 m;思茅松的被害株率为31.90％～98.82％,枝梢被害率为25.49％～32.33％.成虫寿命9.3天,每次产卵1～3粒,1年发生3代,世代重叠现象严重;2月上旬到11月中旬为幼虫主要危害期.