探索农村参与式科技传播之新路——淳化县孙家咀村村民变化案例分析

农业科学技术在农村社会发展中发挥越来越重要的作用,而农业技术传播的有效性不仅取决于成果本身的先进性和实用性,而且与其传播的方式和社区环境密切相关。随着农业女性化,农业科技传播的受体应该转向农村妇女。2002~2005年,陕西省淳化县农村实施了“农村参与式科技传播”项目,采用参与式科技传播新方法,以无公害苹果生产技术为切入点,到2005年,项目村家庭经济收入发生了显著变化,人均收入增加2.42倍,苹果收入增加1.66倍,全村的固定资产增加2.8倍;其次农村妇女能力建设成效显著,表现在家庭事务决策和社区管理与发展等方面。     

采砂采石新增占用林地与区域社会发展间的关系研究

为预测采砂采石场建设对林地的需求,科学制定林地保护利用规划,采用昭通市森林督察数据库中提取的各县区数据和相关社会经济情况组成33个样本,利用线性回归分析方法研究影响采砂采石与相关社会发展因素之间的关系。结果表明,区域人口、GDP、农村居民收入、林地占国土面积的比例在0.1水平上与砂石场新增图斑数呈线性关系,其中农村居民收入与砂石场新增图斑数呈负相关关系;而城镇居民收入与砂石场新增数量间无相关关系。     

农村宅基地制度改革与农民增收——基于6个试点县(市、区)面板数据的双重差分分析

以6个农村宅基地制度改革试点县(市、区)的885户农户面板数据为基础,采用倾向评分匹配法和双重差分法,分别以农民年人均收入和农民年人均财产性收入作为被解释变量,分析在固定年份效应和固定农户效应前提下的宅基地制度改革对促进农民增收的影响程度。结果表明:宅基地制度改革能促进农民年人均财产性收入增长,但对促进农民年人均收入增长没有显著影响。因此,要通过农村宅基地制度改革来促进农民增收,需要重点聚焦如何提高农民财产性收入。建议推进城镇化,引进市场机制,配套相关改革措施。     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

“门当户对”的婚姻更幸福吗——以夫妻双方个人特征差距为视角

夫妻双方的年龄、受教育程度、收入以及户籍方面的差异会影响婚后的主观幸福感。夫妻双方的年龄差距越大,生活幸福感越弱,且这种影响更多地存在于男性和农业户籍人口中;夫妻双方的受教育程度差距虽然有利于女性主观幸福感的提升,却会恶化男性的主观幸福感;夫妻双方的收入差距越大,生活幸福感越强,且对于女性和农业户籍人口而言,收入差距对生活幸福感的影响更为显著;与夫妻双方都是农业户籍相比,夫妻双方都是非农业户籍的幸福感更强。夫妻双方的个人特征差异对婚后主观幸福感的影响存在性别与户籍差异。     

Impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions: Evidence from low-income regions in China

This study examines the impact of cash crop cultivation on household income and migration decisions, using survey data collected from low-income regions in China. Given farmers decide themselves whether to cultivate cash crops, an endogenous treatment regression model that accounts for potential selection bias issue is used to analyze the data. The empirical results show that cash crop cultivation exerts a positive and statistically significant impact on household income, but it does not affect household migration decisions significantly. The disaggregated analyses reveal that cash crop cultivation significantly increases farm income but decreases off-farm income.     

智慧农业背景下大数据与农民增收之间的关系

自信息化时代以来,大数据时代是继物联网、云计算的又一次技术变革,这次变革加速了传统农业向数字农业、信息农业的转变。智慧农业的发展,创造了多维的与农业有关的数据。阐述了在农产品种植前的规划、种植时的管理和收获之后的营销,在已有的数据中挖掘可用的信息,农民可以准确掌握市场供需情况,合理安排种植,做到精准农业,帮助农民提升收入。     

城市不同绿地类型降温增湿效应的研究

选择林地、草坪、裸地、水泥地等几种下垫面类型,对城市不同绿地的降温增湿效应进行了测定分析,结果表明:高温季节林地和草坪都有降低地表和土壤温度,减轻温度剧烈变化,增加空气相对湿度的作用,林地与草坪、裸地和水泥地相比,地表最高温度分别降低9.5、17.5和24.5℃,平均地表温度分别降低6.1、9.7和15.5℃,在裸地和水泥地出现最高温的16:00,土壤温度分别降低7.0、13.0和14.5℃,晴天林地平均相对湿度为55.7,比草坪、裸地、水泥地分别高5.0、9.1和12.4.     

农户家庭人均纯收入影响因素再分析

采用2001年东部沿海地区和中部内陆地区2个省的农村固定观察点数据资料,运用OLS方法,对影响农户家庭人均纯收入的因素进行实证分析.结果表明,地域综合因素大幅度地、显著地影响着农民人均纯收入增长;农村非农劳动力数量与农户家庭人均纯收入之间具有显著的正相关关系;高质量的农村人力资本存量可以显著增加农户家庭人均纯收入水平.     

生态活性有机肥在蔬菜及果树上的施用效果

在蔬菜及果树上进行了施用活性有机肥的试验,结果表明:(1)施用活性有机肥对大白菜生长发育有较好的促进作用。株高、叶片数、叶宽、开展度3次测量均高于常规施肥,产量比常规施肥每公顷增产5010kg,增产率达10.96%,投入产出比也较高,效益比为1:6;植株的抗病能力也较常规施肥(5.6%)强,降低了2.9%。(2)活性有机肥较传统施肥明显提高番茄的品质。座果总数增加14,小果数量降低4%,大果和中等果数分别增加2%和1.9%;果实可溶性固形物含量较传统施肥高3.1%。(3)施用活性有机肥处理能提高李果百果重、单株平均产量,分别比施等量普通复合肥的高11.1%和22.7%;施用活性有机肥可显著降低李果果实的总酸度,降低了0.1%,Vc含量和可溶性固形物含量分别提高0.2mg/100g和2.1%,果实硬度指标未表现出差异。