不同类型稻农保护性耕作技术采纳行为影响因素实证研究——基于湖北、江苏稻农的调查数据

探索稻农保护性耕作技术采纳行为影响因素,对于促进保护性耕作技术推广应用,增加农民收入,促进农业可持续发展,保障我国粮食安全具有重要意义。基于湖北省传统散户和江苏省种稻大户的调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析两类稻农保护性耕作技术采纳行为的影响因素及其异同。结果表明,影响传统散户采纳保护性耕作技术的因素分别是性别、受教育程度、家庭人口数、家庭人均年收入、现有住房价值、是否参加农业技术培训,影响种稻大户采纳保护性耕作技术的因素分别是受教育程度、水稻种植面积、家庭人均年收入、是否提供机械补贴、是否参加农业技术培训、土地流转。其中,受教育程度、家庭人均年收入、是否参加农业技术培训是共同的影响因素,性别、家庭人口数、现有住房价值只影响前者保护性耕作技术采纳行为,水稻种植面积、是否提供机械补贴、土地流转只影响后者保护性耕作技术采纳行为。在此基础上提出了提高两类稻农的受教育程度;促进两类稻农积极参与农业技术培训;在推广保护性耕作技术时应将传统散户中的男性稻农作为先行推广目标,坚定不移地对种稻大户提供农业机械补贴;审慎推进农村土地流转等具体措施。     

Improving the science–policy–practice interface: decision support system uptake and use in the forestry sector in Great Britain

Over the last decade, researchers have developed a range of decision support systems (DSS) which seek to improve the evidence-base for decision-making in the forestry sector in Great Britain. Many are now integral to the systems of forest management and planning used. However, in some cases, levels of adoption have been lower than expected. This problem is neither unique to Great Britain nor to forestry, and increasingly it is being explained in terms of the quality of stakeholder engagement during DSS development and implementation. Thus, social research was undertaken to understand the factors affecting DSS uptake. The methods included an online survey completed by 81 members of the Institute of Chartered Foresters and Forestry Commission staff and 30 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders. Four sets of factors were seen to influence uptake: professional judgement and cultural resistance; communication and access; training, support and consolidation; and meeting user requirements. More generally, our conclusions highlight the need for a shift in the quality of interactions at the science–policy–practice interface: from knowledge-transfer (a unidirectional “bridging of gaps”) to knowledge-exchange (dialogue between collaborating partners) and knowledge-interaction (shared cultures and institutions).     

我国水禽养殖户新型养殖模式采纳决策影响因素及差异性分析——基于5省（市）养殖户的微观调查数据

[目的]研究影响我国水禽养殖户采纳新型养殖模式的影响因素及其差异性,为养殖模式革新、新型养殖模式推广及产业支持政策制定提供理论支撑.[方法]利用国家水禽产业体系产业经济团队对北京、河北、山东、江西和重庆5省（市）养殖户的调查数据,运用ML-Binary Logit模型和差异性分析法对养殖户采纳新型养殖模式决策的影响因素进行实证研究.[结果]目前养殖户采纳新型养殖模式的意愿并不强烈,养殖户家庭劳动力人数、参与养殖人数、年养殖批次、距中心城区距离和是否临近河湖等对其新型养殖模式采纳行为影响显著.经营方式差异下,参与养殖人数对兼业经营养殖户采纳新型养殖模式的决策具有显著正向效应,而距中心城区距离的远近对专业经营养殖户新型养殖模式采纳行为影响最大且方向为负.自然环境差异下,区域公路等级对临近河湖地区养殖户新型养殖模式采纳行为具有显著负向效应,而距中心城区距离远近对远离河湖地区养殖户新型养殖模式采纳行为产生显著负向效应.[建议]应综合利用宣传媒介,推广新型养殖模式;开展养殖培训,培育示范小区;充分优化家庭劳动力配置,加强生产经营管理;提倡适度规模,调整生产布局;规划建设产品交易市场,完善基础设施建设,以促进我国水禽养殖业实现规模化、集约化经营.     

Partnering with farmers to accelerate adoption of new technologies in South Asia to improve wheat productivity

There are many socioeconomic and technological constraints that affect the production of wheat and other staple cereals in South Asia. Wheat production is one of the economic mainstays in South Asia, but the yield gap between farmers’ fields and experimental yields is wide across the region. For the last 3 years, CIMMYT and the CAZS-NR have been collaborating with farmers, NARS, and other South Asian partners to promote improved wheat varieties and new resource conservation technologies (RCTs) in farmers’ fields. Participation fostered among farmers, scientists, extension specialists, NGOs and the private sector included variety selection (PVS), and evaluation of agronomic practices. Through PVS, several farmer-preferred technologies have been identified including wheat varieties for adverse conditions in eastern Uttar Pradesh (India) and for boron deficiency in parts of Nepal. There has been considerable improvement in the access of farmers to new varieties and technologies in the rural areas. Yield increases (15–70%) have been achieved by resource-poor farmers over the existing varieties through the adoption of new varieties and RCTs. The farmers have also made substantial cost savings and achieved higher yields through resource-conserving agronomic techniques such as zero till. Seed of the new farmer-selected cultivars has been multiplied by groups of collaborating farmers and widely distributed.     

How narrowly adapted are the products of decentralised breeding? The spread of rice varieties from a participatory plant breeding programme in Nepal

Acceptable rice varieties for high-altitude areas of Nepal were bred by participatory plant breeding (PPB). One of the most adopted varieties, Machhapuchhre-3 (M-3), performed much better in the formal trials system than the products from centralised breeding and was released in 1996. From 1996 to 1999, the spread of M-3 was monitored in high-altitude villages along with unreleased variety Machhapuchhre-9 (M-9), derived from the same cross. The study was done by interviewing individual households, groups, and field verification. Both M-3 and M-9 spread from farmer-to-farmer and through interventions by Non-Government Organisations (NGOs) and Government Organisations (GOs). Their adoption had steadily increased and their spread commenced five to six years earlier than would have been the case in a conventional system. The PPB programme was decentralised – all selection was in only two villages in the same valley – but this did not result in specific adaptation. The varieties were adopted in distant villages situated at much lower altitudes to the original PPB sites and the greatest yield advantage of the varieties over the local landraces was also at these lower altitudes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Multivariate product adapted grading of Scots pine sawn timber for an industrial customer,part 1: Method development

ABSTRACT

Rule-based automatic grading (RBAG) of sawn timber is a common type of sorting system used in sawmills, which is intricate to customise for specific customers. This study further develops an automatic grading method to grade sawn timber according to a customer's resulting product quality. A sawmill's automatic sorting system used cameras to scan the 308 planks included in the study. Each plank was split at a planing mill into three boards, each planed, milled, and manually graded as desirable or not. The plank grade was correlated by multivariate partial least squares regression to aggregated variables, created from the sorting system's measurements at the sawmill. Grading models were trained and tested independently using 5-fold cross-validation to evaluate the grading accuracy of the holistic-subjective automatic grading (HSAG), and compared with a re-substitution test. Results showed that using the HSAG method at the sawmill graded on average 74% of planks correctly, while 83% of desirable planks were correctly identified. Results implied that a sawmill sorting station could grade planks according to a customer's product quality grade with similar accuracy to HSAG conforming with manual grading of standardised sorting classes, even when the customer is processing the planks further.     

南方农业技术推广过程中农民技术采纳行为的实证研究——基于Logistic模型的分析

文章基于醴陵县、赫山区和冷水滩区三个区（县）270户农户的相关数据,以南方典型稻稻油种植技术为例,通过建立Logistic模型对农户技术采纳行为进行研究。通过对农户技术采纳的影响因素进行分析确认,结果显示,家庭劳动力数,水稻和油菜的市场价格,技术指导的次数,信息便捷程度,政策支持、区域特征6个变量对农户技术采纳行为具有显著影响。最后,根据分析结果,提出促进农户采纳南方农业技术、提高南方农业技术推广效率的相关政策建议。     

Factors determining adoption of integrated pest management by vegetable growers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province,Thailand

Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM.     

Farmer Experience with Precision Agriculture in Denmark and the US Eastern Corn Belt

Two mail surveys were carried out in Denmark and the Eastern Corn Belt, USA in 2002. Questionnaires were sent to 580 farmers who had used precision agriculture (PA) and 198 responses were received. The surveys focused on the current status of use of PA in both countries, including: PA practices, equipment and software, Internet and e-mail use, information sources for PA, satisfaction level from service providers, data handling, interpretation, storage and ownership, value of data for decision making, changes in management practices, desired information and services, and the next planned step in the practice of PA. The survey results showed more similarities in practicing PA between the two countries than differences. Time requirement and high cost of data handling were cited as the main problems. Survey respondents found soil maps to be more valuable than yield maps in management decisions. About 80% of the respondents would like to store the PA data themselves. The majority of the respondents indicated that they have changed their management practices due to PA, but not substantially. Some 90 of the respondents used the Internet and e-mail for agricultural purposes, but only a small number for PA websites.