沙尘对天山积雪消融的影响

积雪是西北干旱区重要的水资源,春季融雪时期,沙尘天气频繁,沙尘沉降会减少积雪表面反射率,增加雪层的太阳辐射吸收,加速积雪的融化,影响干旱区年内的水资源分布。通过融雪期在天山积雪雪崩研究站开展模拟沙尘沉降试验,观测积雪物理特性参数变化,分析沙尘对积雪消融的影响。本研究设置2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2、自然雪4个处理,3组重复,从3月4日开始,3月11日结束。结果表明：沙尘沉降对积雪消融具有明显影响。在2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2沙尘沉降量下,随着融雪的进行,沙尘沉降量逐渐增大,致使积雪表面粒径增大,积雪反射率降低,雪表层温度差变大,2 g·m^-2、4 g·m^-2、8 g·m^-2导致积雪消融速率比自然状态下的快22.36%、46.05%和76.90%。通过野外试验获得了主要积雪物理参数对沙尘沉降的响应,量化了沙尘沉降对积雪消融的影响,其结果可为西北干旱区水资源管理提供参考。     

Effects of different growing media on vegetative and reproductive growth of bell pepper

A soilless pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different growing substrates on vegetative and reproductive growth of bell pepper. The growing substrates consisted of: rice hull (100%), perlite (100%), coarse saw dust (100%), rice hull (75%)+zeolite (25%), perlite (75%)+zeolite (25%), saw dust (75%)+zeolite (25%), rice hull (50%)+perlite (50%), saw dust (50%)+perlite (50%), and rice hull (50%)+saw dust (50%) (by volume). Results showed that for all measured vegetative traits the highest and lowest amount was related to the plants grown in the perlite+zeolite and pure rice hull or saw dust, respectively. Results also showed that using perlite+zeolite as the media produced the highest fruit number and yield, while plant grown in the saw dust+zeolite produced the lowest fruit number. According to the results, adding zeolite and perlite to rice hull or saw dust in most cases, significantly increased the pepper yield compared with their pure treatments.     

Ambient TSP concentration and dustfall variation in Urumqi,China

Total suspended particulate(TSP, particle diameter≤100 μm) was the dominant air pollutant and significantly influenced local air quality. In this paper, we investigated the interannual and seasonal variations of TSP and dustfall of the atmosphere over Urumqi, the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, northwestern China, basing on environmental monitoring records and meteorological data from 1986–2012. The results showed that during the study period, annual average TSP concentration decreased from 716 to 260 μg/m3, with an average level of 422.9 μg/m3, while dustfall intensity reduced from 350.4 to 166.6 t/(km2?a), with an average level of 259 t/(km2?a). Over 50% of the annual pollution days were induced mainly by TSP. Spring and winter had relatively higher dustfall intensities, and dense traffic and residential areas had the highest dustfall intensities in the Urumqi metropolitan area. With an annual average precipitation of less than 300 mm, atmospheric particulates in Urumqi could be hardly removed through wet deposition. During spring and summertime prevailing winds from northwest and northeast could carry aeolian dust particles from sandy deserts to Urumqi. Aeolian dusts from deserts would remain to be a priority regarding air pollution control in arid oasis cities.     

尼日利亚热带雨林地区的内陆山谷中土壤发育和肥力特征: 矿物成分和粒度分布

The particle-size distribution and mineralogical composition of the clay (< 2 μm) and fine-sand (0.25--0.10 mm) fractions in soils of two inland valleys in Abakaliki and Bende, Southeast Nigeria, were investigated to provide basic information on soil-forming processes and agricultural potentials. These soils were silty or clayey, deriving from Cretaceous or Tertiary shale materials. The particle-size distribution and its computation on a clay-free basis revealed relatively remarkable lithologic breaks in a couple of pedons. The effect of lithologic discontinuities on soil mineralogical composition was not, however, conspicuous. Petrographic investigation revealed that quartz predominantly comprised the fine-sand fraction in the soils at both study sites. Nevertheless, the clay mineralogical composition of the soils was a mixture of kaolinite, irregularly interstratified smectite-illite intergrades (S/I), hydroxyl-Al interlayered 2:1 type clays (HICs), vermiculite, smectite, halloysite and illite along with fine-sized quartz in Abakaliki. The soils of Bende predominantly contained smectite, which was partially interlayered with hydroxyl-Al and kaolinite. It is suggested that seasonal floodwater has slowed the disintegration of weatherable clay minerals inherited from the shale, while quartz originating from the sandstone is predominant in the fine-sand fraction. Additionally, a possible soil-forming process observed at the both study sites was ferrolysis, which was indicated by a clear decreasing pattern of HICs downward in the soil profiles. The entry of S/I and vertical distribution patterns for a couple of clay minerals in the pedon suggested that the soils in Abakaliki have developed under the significant influence of aeolian dust delivered by the harmattan. The findings might describe a site-specific deposition pattern of harmattan dusts as well as hydromorphic soil-forming processes in the wetlands of the inland valleys.     

京、津、冀区域扬沙天气气候变化特征分析

利用京、津、冀区域内所辖 6 5个气象观测站 1 95 4 - 2 0 0 2年的观测资料 ,分析了扬沙天气的气候变化特征。结果表明 :京、津、冀区域绝大部分地区是扬沙天气的主要影响区。高原、平原和丘陵地区是扬沙天气的多发区和易发区 ,宁晋、邢台一带是扬沙天气的高频区。扬沙的发生时间具有明显的季节变化特征 ;此区域内的扬沙呈现整体减少趋势 ,各分区域的变化趋势具有相似性 ,只是在减少幅度和年代际减少趋势上略有不同     

焦化厂煤粉尘的沉降规律及其对玉米抗氧化系统的影响

为了进一步明确煤粉尘的沉降特征及其对植物抗逆系统的影响,笔者通过室外定期收集降尘及室内植物生理指标分析等方法,研究了孝义市梧桐镇某焦化厂储煤场周围下风向400 m范围的总降尘和煤粉尘的沉降规律,及其煤粉尘对该范围内所种植苗期玉米抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明,随着距储煤场距离的增加,总降尘和煤粉尘的量显著减少,而苗期玉米叶片的总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）、双氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、脱氢酶（CAT）、丙二醛（MDA）也均显著降低,尤其是SOD酶活性表现更为敏感。总之,煤粉尘的降落促进了玉米体内抗逆系统的防御能力,因而导致T-AOC、SOD、CAT抗氧化指标的增加,减少了对玉米的氧化伤害。     

气液叉流下受热液膜的热质传递特性

采用VOF两相流模型研究了气液叉流条件下受热液膜热质传递特性,在模型中添加了表面张力源项和气液相间传质源项.为了验证所建立模型的可靠性,采用非接触式红外热成像测温方法,进行了相应的气液叉流试验.对叉流条件下受热液膜热质传递过程进行了试验和模拟计算,结果显示无量纲壁面温度计算结果与试验结果吻合很好.应用所建立的模型,模拟计算并分析了表面张力、固液接触角、液膜流量等因素对液膜流动侧形和热质传递性能的影响,结果表明：在其他参数保持不变的情况下,表面张力从0.014 N／m增大到0.072 N／m的过程中,液膜覆盖面积由82.7％减小到73.2％;固液接触角从30°增大到60°的过程中,液膜覆盖面积由80.6％减小到69.4％;液膜流量越小,液膜厚度越小,越有利于液膜的蒸发;相反,较高的液膜流量会使液膜厚度增大,阻碍了液膜蒸发,从而使外掠过液膜的单位体积空气含湿量减小.     

森得保林间喷粉防治柳杉毛虫药效试验

采用5种不同浓度的森得保生物农药林间喷粉防治柳杉毛虫试验,结果表明：森得保：轻质碳酸钙为1：15、1：20的配比浓度,既经济又有效,林间杀虫效果分别为95．42％、91．97％,建议在生产中推广应用。     

惰性粉杀虫剂对黄粉虫成虫的物理伤害症状研究

用一种以食品级惰性粉为主要原料的惰性粉杀虫剂处理黄粉虫成虫,处理6h～8h、12h～14h、24h～26h和48h～50h试虫的平均爬行速度分别为12mm／s、7mm／s、3mm／s和0．4mm／s,明显比正常试虫的爬行速度（33mm／s）慢（p〈0．05）;处理后试虫表现出一系列物理伤害症状,随处理时间的延长,试虫受伤害程度增强。根据惰性粉杀虫剂处理后试虫爬行速度、伤害症状和死亡时间,将试虫的伤害程度由轻到重划分为四个级别,伤害一级：试虫平均爬行速度为10mm／s-15mm／s,死亡时间为74h±6h,身体抬高,腿节和胫节之间的活动角度略有减小;伤害二级：爬行速度为5mm／s-10mm／s,死亡时间为42h±5h,偶尔绊脚,摔倒后能立即站立起来继续爬行,腿节和胫节之间的活动角度进一步减小,胫节和附节之间的活动角度也减小;伤害三级：爬行速度为1～5mm／s,死亡时间为20h±1h,附节和爪不能牢固的抓住滤纸,摔倒频率明显增加,且摔倒后较难重新站立,腿节和胫节之间、胫节和附节之间的活动角度都较小;伤害四级：爬行速度小于1mm／s,死亡时间为5h±1h,腿节和胫节之间、胫节和附节之间基本不能活动,不能爬行,摔倒后基本上不能再站立起来。结果表明,目前被广泛接受的惰性粉破坏虫体表皮蜡层导致失水致死和堵塞气门致死的理论并不能完全解释这种食品级惰性粉杀虫剂作用害虫的症状并较快致死害虫的机理,其杀虫机理还有待于进一步的揭示。     

不同基质对岩生报春盆花生长发育的影响

为改善岩生报春盆花栽培株型、减少无土栽培对草炭的依赖,该试验以椰糠、珍珠岩及蛭石为基质材料,探讨不同基质配比对岩生报春生长发育的影响。结果表明,株高、冠幅、叶片数、生长量、叶绿素含量等指标,对不同基质的响应不一致;结合综合评分法,发现椰糠/珍珠岩/蛭石体积比为1∶1∶2和2∶1∶2两种基质配方的各种理化指标均在无土栽培基质的理想范围内,用其栽培的岩生报春生长健壮、叶色浓绿、开花品质好,生长发育综合评价指数优于对照组,可作为岩生报春无土栽培的代用基质。