甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14雌配子体发育的超微结构观察

【目的】阐明甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14雌配子体发育的超微结构特征。【方法】以甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14(Beta vulgaris L.VV+1C、2n=18+1)为实验材料,利用电子显微镜技术对其雌配子体的发育过程进行研究。【结果】甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14为兼性无融合生殖体,二倍体孢子生殖为蝶须型(Antennaria-type)和韭型(Allium odorum-type),有性生殖为蓼型(Polygonum-type)。蝶须型为主要发育方式,超微结构特征为:雌配子体发育速度较快,从功能大孢子直到细胞化雌配子体时期,细胞器的种类与数量呈现增长趋势:细胞核核仁较大,存在核仁泡,核孔明显;核糖体数量多;线粒体的数量一直较多,从二核雌配子体出现内嵴,膜的结构变得清晰,八核雌配子体的线粒体基质呈电子透明状,细胞化后期恢复到原来的状态;质体的数量变化不大,形状多样,有的含淀粉粒;内质网呈分枝的管状或交织成索状分布在细胞核、液泡或细胞壁附近;高尔基体的数量相对较少,但在未退化的助细胞中十分丰富,活跃地分泌小泡;脂滴一直都存在,常与液泡及线粒体相互靠近;细胞化后期,绝大多数雌配子体的助细胞先后退化,极少数雌配子体只有一个助细胞退化,另一个宿存。韭型与蓼型雌配子体发育速度较慢,与蝶须型相比,直到单核雌配子体时期未见细胞器种类与数量发生明显变化。蝶须型与韭型、蓼型雌配子体仅在功能大孢子与单核胚囊时期通过是否有胼胝质壁加厚以及珠孔端有无退化的细胞痕迹进行区分。【结论】蝶须型、韭型、蓼型雌配子体发育过程中的超微结构特征差异明显,蝶须型雌配子体从功能大孢子至细胞化时期,雌配子体体积增大,细胞器的种类与数量随之增加,呈现代谢旺盛状态。推测蝶须型雌配子体在其后的发育中占优势。单核雌配子体之前依据珠孔端是否有退化细胞痕迹以及有无胼胝质壁加厚可将蝶须型与韭型、蓼型从结构上予以区分。韭型、蓼型从功能大孢子至单核雌配子体时期,雌配子体的体积以及细胞质的成熟程度均呈缓慢增长趋势。推测在其后的发育过程中大量退化。     

朝鲜蒲公英生殖类型确定

利用根尖染 色体计数、人工授粉试验以及流式细胞仪检测等方法,确定朝鲜蒲公英为四倍体,人
工授粉试验表明朝鲜蒲公英生殖系统为兼性无融合生殖类型,无融合发生率为50% 左右;流式细胞仪 检测结
果表明种子细胞内存在3 种倍性水平2C∶3C∶4C。四倍体朝鲜蒲公英为兼性无融合生殖类型,胚乳自主发育。     

核桃无融合生殖研究进展

对核桃无融合生殖研究的成果进行了归纳总结得出:核桃很多品种具有无融合生殖能力,无融合生殖率不同年份之间变幅很大,不同品种之间、雄先型与雌先型无融合之间生殖率的高低有无差别还难定论,使用激素和失活花粉蒙导有利于核桃无融合生殖率的提高。核桃无融合生殖胚由卵细胞发育而来,属于孤雌生殖,核桃无融合生殖后代过氧化物酶同工酶酶谱和果实不同发育阶段矿质营养水平与自然授粉实生后代相比有明显的差异。     

番茄酱中厌氧菌/兼性厌氧菌的鉴定结果分析

目前有关番茄酱中微生物的研究报道主要来自国外,而国内仅限于罐头食品的商业无菌及霉菌的镜检计数.番茄酱中厌氧菌的检测方法国内外文献未见报道.通过大量的试验,建立了番茄酱中厌氧菌分离培养及检测方法.并用此方法从番茄酱中分离到的厌氧菌或兼性厌氧菌通过VITEK32全自动微生物生化分析仪及微量生化管进行鉴定,结果有革兰氏阴性、阳性的杆菌属、革兰氏阳性的芽胞杆菌属、革兰氏阳性的球菌属等.     

Seed germination response to temperature for a range of international populations of Conyza canadensis

Conyza canadensis is a surface‐germinating ruderal facultative winter annual with recruitment that is highly susceptible to changes in microsite conditions. A key adaptive characteristic for a facultative winter annual species, like C. canadensis, is germination response to temperature. The objective of this study was to determine the germination response to temperature for C. canadensis seed sourced from regions around the world with differing climates and, by doing so, gain insight into the role that seed germination biology plays in the adaptiveness and weediness of facultative winter annual weeds. Seed was sourced from populations in Málaga, Spain, Hertfordshire, UK, Shiraz, Iran and southern Ontario, Canada, and grown out in a common garden under controlled conditions to produce seed for this study. These seeds were then subjected to temperatures from 6.5 to 20°C at 1.5°C increments using a thermogradient plate. Cumulative daily germination counts for 30 days were recorded. Results indicated that temperature and source location had a significant effect on germination response. Estimated base germination temperature ranges were significantly different among the populations [Ontario (8–9.5°C), Iran (9.5–11°C), Spain (12.5–14°C), UK (11–12.5°C)], as were accumulated growing degree days (GDDs; d°C) required to reach 50% germination. For three of the four populations, estimated base germination temperature range values were below those previously reported in the literature. These differences are most likely rapid evolutionary adaptations to local climate and highlight the potential C. canadensis has to be problematic as a native and invasive species.     

Callus Production and Plant Regeneration from Mature Embryos of Poa pratensis L.

Plant regeneration from callus cultures may provide a source ot somaclonal variation for the improvement ot the apomictic grass Poa pratensis L. It is first necessary to be able to induce callus and regenerate plants in this species at a high frequency. Variation was observed between 50 cutivars of Poa pratensis for callus induction and plant regeneration. Using the cultivars ‘Merion’ and ‘Victa’, three basal media were tested along with various media additives. Murashige and Skoog's basal medium with 0.2 mg 1^?1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 0.1 mg 1^?1 6-benzylamanopurine, 100 mg 1^?1 casein hydrolysate and 25 g 1^?1 sucrose is considered to be a good medium for callus growth and plant regeneration. Embryo-like structures were observed in the callus of some cultivars but plant regeneration appeared to be predominantly from shoot meristems on the callus surface. The majority of regenerated shoots were green, but chlorophyll deficient shoots were obtained from media containing coconut milk. Green plantlets could be transferred to soil without difficulty.     

向日葵主要真菌病害发生概况及其潜在风险分析

有害生物是导致向日葵产量减少、品质降低的主要原因,其中真菌引起的病害尤为严重。通过广泛调查和查阅相关文献,针对国内外已经报道的向日葵9种主要真菌病害进行了论述,并简要分析了其潜在风险,同时提出应参照国际标准,结合本国实际情况制定出符合中国国情的向日葵潜在检疫性病害评定标准。     

基因编辑技术及其水稻中的发展和应用

CRISPR/Cas系统作为一种新兴的基因编辑系统,以其简单、高效、特异性高等特点已广泛应用于植物功能基因组研究和品种改良。在本文中,首先,我们系统总结了CRISPR/Cas技术及其衍生技术在植物中的开发和优化;其次,重点介绍了基于基因组编辑技术的水稻种质和品种改良的最新进展,并描述了基于基因编辑技术的水稻育种新策略,这是传统育种很难实现的;最后,还讨论了基因编辑技术在未来作物和粮食生产中所要面对的挑战。     

Development,growth, and nitrogen use of autumn- and spring-sown facultative wheat

Spring-sown crops are expected to have a higher risk of drought during summer in the next decades in Central Europe due to expected climate change. Therefore, a two-year experiment was conducted under Pannonian growing conditions in Eastern Austria to investigate the effect of autumn- and spring-sowing of facultative wheat. Autumn-sowing of facultative wheat enhanced crop development, soil coverage, crop stand height, crop growth rate, and nitrogen (N) utilization efficiency during the vegetation period compared to spring-sowing; duration of growth stages was prolonged and crops were earlier ripe. In contrast, spring-sowing resulted in higher relative growth rates, higher N concentrations of aboveground dry matter, higher relative N uptake rates, and more mineral N in the soil. At harvest, grain yield and yield components ears m^?2 and thousand kernel weight (TKW) were higher in autumn-sown than in spring-sown wheat, resulting thereby in an increased seed yield. Spring-sown wheat had higher N concentrations in grain and in straw. Anyhow, N yield was slightly higher with autumn-sowing due to the higher grain and straw yields. Grain and straw yield, plant stand height, ears m^?2, and TKW were impaired in the second experimental year by a severe drought for both sowing dates as well as N concentrations and N yields of grain and straw, partial factor N use efficiency and N utilization efficiency. But the yield components harvest index, grains m^?2, and grains ear^?1 were strongly impaired with spring-sowing under drought conditions. Thus, autumn-sowing of wheat resulted in higher yield stability across both years, based on these yield components highlighting possible benefits of autumn-sowing with expected summer drought under climate change.     

Gill morphometry of the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish,Hypostomus plecostomus (Walbaum) with,special emphasis on aquatic respiration

Gill respiratory surface area and oxygen consumption during aquatic respiration were measured in the facultative air-breathing loricariid fish,Hypostomus plecostomus. The fish did not surface to breathe atmospheric air in normoxic water; air-breathing was evoked by environmental hypoxia (water oxygen tension=35±2, mmHg) and did not show size-related threshold differences for air breathing.During gradual hypoxia, without access to atmospheric, air,H. plecostomus was found to be an oxyregulator and showed a reduced range of water oxygen tension in which the oxygen consumption remained constant in smaller fish. The critical oxygen tensions were 55 and 33 mmHg at 25°C for fish of 14–30 g and 31–80g body weight, respectively.The gill respiratory surface area (total lamellae area) is reduced, however, the lamellar frequency per mm of gill filament is high which facilitates the gas exchange. Moreover, the increase of gill respiratory surface area (b=0.666) is higher than the increase in routine VO₂ (b=0.338) showing a positive relationship between the gill respiratory surface area /VO₂ ratio and body mass (b=0.328); this indicates that the fish have greater gill respiratory surface area per unit of routine VO₂ as they grow.