皖西白鹅淋巴器官的解剖观察

对４０只成年的和１００只性成熟前不同发育阶段的皖西白鹅（公母各半）,放血致死,标本用１０％福尔马林溶液固定１个月后,通过肉眼和放大镜观察了其淋巴器官（包括胸腺、法氏囊、脾脏、颈胸淋巴结和腰淋巴结）的解剖位置、形态特征,测量了各淋巴器官的大小和重量。     

Communication between the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa in the horse at Computed Tomography Arthrography

Diffusion of drugs injected into the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular (podotrochlear) bursa can influence diagnosis and treatment of foot pain. Previous anatomical and radiographic studies of the communication between these synovial structures have produced conflicting results and did not identify the location of any communication if present. This anatomic study aimed to assess the presence and site of communication between the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa in the horse by computed tomography arthrography. Sixty‐six pairs of cadaver forelimbs were injected with contrast medium into the distal interphalangeal joint and imaged by computed tomography arthrography. The presence of a communication, location of the communication and additional structural changes were assessed. Navicular bursa opacification occurred in 7 distal limbs (5.3%) following distal interphalangeal joint injection. One limb showed a communication through the T‐ligament and 6 limbs showed a communication through the distal sesamoidean impar ligament. In 3 cases, the communication through the distal sesamoidean impar ligament was associated with a distal border fragment. Our study showed that communication between the distal interphalangeal joint and navicular bursa is uncommon and inconsistent. Clinically, the presence of a communication could (1) influence the interpretation of diagnostic analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint or the navicular bursa by facilitating the diffusion of local anaesthetic between these structures; (2) allow the drug and its potential adverse effects to spread from the treated synovial cavity to the non‐targeted synovial cavity; (3) be responsible for the failure of joint drainage in the case of sepsis.     

GC02球虫病疫苗对鸡腔上囊发育的影响

将80只1日龄健康雏鸡随机分为GC02球虫病疫苗组（试验组）和对照组（n=40）。试验组鸡于7日龄和14日龄分别口服含8000个孢子化卵囊的GC02球虫病疫苗，对照组鸡口服生理盐水。于21、28、35和42日龄每组随机选取10只鸡，空腹称量体重，颈动、静脉放血致死，立即解剖取腔上囊称重并制作石蜡切片，光学显微镜下观察与拍照，研究了GC02球虫病疫苗对鸡腔上囊发育的影响。结果，试验组鸡腔上囊器官指数低于同日龄对照组，其中28-42日龄鸡的腔上囊器官指数显著或极显著低于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。与对照组同日龄鸡相比，试验组鸡免疫GC02球虫病疫苗后，各日龄鸡腔上囊均表现出不同程度的病理组织学变化。试验组雏鸡腔上囊组织结构出现轻微损伤，GC02球虫病疫苗刺激了机体的免疫系统，增加了免疫效果。试验结果提示，GC02球虫病疫苗对雏鸡腔上囊发育有一定的抑制作用，对其组织结构有轻微损伤作用。     

Incomplete Tears of the Medial Calcaneal Insertion of the Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon of a Hind Limb in Three Horses

Twelve tarsi from six horses humanely destroyed for reasons unrelated to the study were dissected and measurements of the calcaneal insertions of the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) were acquired. The medial calcaneal insertions of the SDFT ranged in length and thickness from 4.0 to 5.4 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm, respectively, and the lateral calcaneal insertions ranged in length and width from 4.0 to 6.3 cm and 0.3 to 0.5 cm, respectively. The calcaneal insertions of the SDFT of both hind limbs of six horses with no history or clinical signs of hind limb lameness and no palpable abnormality of the tarsi were examined ultrasonographically. The medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT was of uniform echogenicity, thickest at the attachment to the SDFT, and smoothly tapering to its insertion on the plantaromedial aspects of the calcaneus. The lateral calcaneal insertion was less echogenic adjacent to the SDFT than the tendon itself but was of similar echogenicity toward the insertion on the plantarolateral aspect of the calcaneus. Three horses with full-thickness incomplete tears of the medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT had variable enlargement of the calcaneal bursa, an unstable (n = 2) or stable (n = 1) SDFT and lameness. The presence of an extensive but incomplete full-thickness tear of the medial calcaneal insertion of the SDFT was determined ultrasonographically in all horses.     

Severe Intermittent Hind Limb Lameness Caused by a Synovial Swelling on the Dorsolateral Aspect of the Tarsus in a Dutch Warmblood Mare

Soft tissue swelling and synovial distension associated with the tarsus is very common in horses and may be associated with pain and lameness. In this case, a fluid swelling of synovial origin that initially appeared to be completely separate from any other synovial structure was present in a mare with severe intermittent hind limb lameness. Nuclear scintigraphy, diagnostic analgesia, contrast radiography, and ultrasonography were used to confirm the synovial swelling as the source of lameness. Surgical en-bloc resection of the synovial swelling has been curative. It is hypothesized that an acute trauma caused herniation of the tarsocrural joint synovial membrane. The fistula then sealed but became patent during specific phases of movement, resulting in a sudden influx of synovial fluid and a buildup of pressure. Ultrasonographic examination, contrast radiography, and distension of the tarsocrural joint at surgery all failed to identify this fistula. The associated severe pain and lameness could have been the result of physical distension of the fluid swelling or pressure applied to the surrounding nerves.     

Extension of the scapulohumeral joint increases the likelihood of success of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

The accuracy of a technique for centesis of the bicipital bursa using a 9 cm, spinal needle inserted through the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle was evaluated. A veterinary radiologist who had no previous experience of performing centesis of the bicipital bursa and an equine clinician who had little experience in performing the procedure, attempted to inject a solution of aqueous radiopaque contrast medium into the bicipital bursae of 8 horses using an approach in which the bursa was accessed by directing a needle through the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle until cartilage in the lateral portion of the intertubercular groove was contacted. Centesis of the bicipital bursa using this approach in horses having no signs of disease of the bursa was consistently successful if the cubital joint was flexed and the scapulohumoral joint extended.     

B cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius and spleen of embryos and chicks immediately after hatching

Flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical observation were used to qualitatively and quantitatively clarify the nature of B cell differentiation in the bursa of Fabricius of chick embryos and to determine the timing of antibody class switching in chicken spleens based on positivity of IgM and IgG on and in the cells. In the bursa, the sIgM‐positive cell population formed from the 12^th to 15^th day of embryogenesis. The proportion of sIgM‐high expressing (sIgM^high) cells was lower among bursacytes than splenocytes of hatched chicks, suggesting that the sIgM^high bursacytes are to be released to peripheral sites. The proportion of sIgM^high cells was higher at 0 days old than at any other examined stage of development. Colonization of the spleen by B cells occurred between the 18^th day of embryogenesis and 0 days old. Antibody class switching was thought to start in the spleen between 1 and 2 weeks of age, because IgG‐positive cells were present in the spleen of 2‐week‐old chicks, but not 0‐day‐old or 1‐week‐old chicks.     

高钼对艾维因肉鸡血清免疫球蛋白的影响

300只1日龄艾维因肉鸡健雏随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(Mo 13mg/kg)和高钼日粮(Mo 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅰ组;Mo 1 000mg/kg,高钼Ⅱ组;Mo 1 500mg/kg,高钼Ⅲ组)6周。病理形态学观察,高钼Ⅱ、Ⅲ组雏鸡法氏囊与对照组比较淋巴细胞减少,网状细胞增生。免疫比浊法测定,高钼Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组血清IgG和IgM含量显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),IgA含量与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05)。结果显示,日粮钼水平为1 000mg/kg及其以上时,雏鸡法氏囊结构受损,日粮钼水平为500mg/kg及其以上时血清IgG和IgM含量降低,雏鸡体液免疫功能受损。     

法氏囊组织在鸡淋巴细胞性白血病发生发展中的变化

用鸡淋巴细胞性白血病病毒ＲＡＶ－１株接种３５只１日龄伊莎鸡雏，于接毒后不同批次扑杀，采取法氏囊做组织学、免疫细胞化学、透射电镜观察。结果：接毒后１个月，法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞开始转化，接毒后２～５个月更明显，在法氏囊滤泡髓质区形成淋巴细胞克隆增殖灶。接毒后６个月，法氏囊萎缩。ＢＡ法染色表明法氏囊一直存有病毒和群特异性抗原，以接毒后３～４个月含量最高。电镜观察，在接毒后１～４个月的实验鸡法氏囊滤泡髓质淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和网状细胞中观察到ＬＬ病毒粒子。组织学、免疫细胞化学和电镜观察都表明法氏囊是该病毒的主要靶器官，法氏囊决定鸡淋巴细胞性白血病的发生发展。