磨木木质素在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中的降解及与木糖的缩合

在木糖存在的条件下,采用硫酸盐法蒸煮对蓝花楹磨木木质素(MWL)进行处理,然后对处理后的产物进行红外光谱和13 CNMR分析,研究蓝花楹MWL的结构变化,探讨在硫酸盐法蒸煮过程中木质素-碳水化合物复合体(LCC)的形成情况.研究发现:蓝花楹MWL结构单元之间的α-烷基芳基醚键、β-O-4型连接键很容易发生断裂,而在这些连接键发生断裂的同时,形成的木质素中间体与木糖通过化学键的结合,形成新的LCC结构.这种新形成的LCC结构主要是由β-O-4型木质素结构和5-5′缩合型木质素结构与木糖形成的以苯甲醚键连接的LCC,这种新形成的LCC结构对碱非常稳定.     

玉米胚原油挤压膨化工艺的优化

螺杆是挤压机的重要组成部分。以挤压机螺杆构型参数阻流环直径、轴头间隙长度、螺杆转速、螺纹升角为试验因素,以浸提玉米胚原油的碘值为考察指标,研究挤压参数对碘值的影响。通过四因素五水平二次正交旋转组合法设计试验,利用SAS9.1软件对试验数据进行响应面分析,得到最佳挤压膨化工艺参数为阻流环直径92 mm、轴头间隙长度16 mm、螺纹升角为7°06′、螺杆转速为180 r/min,在最优参数下碘值为78.56 g/100 g。     

大豆和膨化大豆主要抗营养因子分析

【目的】大豆含有丰富的营养物质,除了作为食品原料外也是重要的饲料原料,但大豆所含抗营养因子限制了其在食品及饲料行业中的应用。挤压膨化工艺能够在基本保持大豆营养成分的基础上,降低其抗营养因子的含量,从而减小对人和动物健康的负面作用。调查分析市售大豆和膨化大豆中主要几种抗营养因子的差异,分析挤压膨化加工工艺对大豆中主要抗营养因子的消除降解作用,并对这几种主要抗营养因子的含量及活性给出置信范围,为膨化企业实际生产应用中选择优质原料及优化加工工艺提供参考,并对动物饲料的配方设计提供指导。【方法】采集市场上不同地区及厂家的大豆20批次和膨化大豆19批次,检测其中胰蛋白酶抑制因子、抗原蛋白（包括大豆球蛋白和β-伴大豆球蛋白）、低聚糖（包括水苏糖和棉籽糖）等抗营养因子的含量和脲酶活性,并与在膨化加工企业采集的2批次大豆原料和在不同加工条件下制备的8批次膨化大豆中相应抗营养因子的含量进行比较分析。其中胰蛋白酶抑制因子和抗原蛋白采用酶联免疫法测定;低聚糖采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定,示差检测器检测。同时通过提取方式、活性炭用量、提取液浓度、料液比单因素试验,对苏糖和棉籽糖两种低聚糖的提取方法进行优化。综合分析检测结果,研究挤压膨化工艺对大豆主要抗营养因子含量或活性的影响。【结果】优化后的提取方法如下：称取一定质量的样品以料液比1﹕25加入体积分数为70%乙醇水溶液,微波辅助提取,离心浓缩,定容至25 mL,涡旋混匀,取2 mL离心检测。膨化大豆中胰蛋白酶抑制因子、抗原蛋白的含量及脲酶活性均显著低于大豆原料,而大豆和膨化大豆中的低聚糖含量没有显著差异。膨化大豆中脲酶活性基本为0,比大豆的脲酶活性低99%以上,胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量比大豆约降低66%,大豆球蛋白的含量约降低67%,β-伴大豆球蛋白含量降低90%以上,水苏糖和棉籽糖的总含量基本保持不变。推断市场上大豆原料中的胰蛋白酶抑制因子的含量范围为32.5-89.6 mg·g^-1,大豆球蛋白含量范围为91.0-143.1 mg·g^-1,β-伴大豆球蛋白的含量范围为161.1-268.7 mg·g^-1,棉籽糖含量范围为3.3-8.78 mg·g^-1,水苏糖的含量范围在21.4-34.16 mg·g^-1,脲酶活性范围为3.6-9.42 U·g^-1;膨化大豆样品中胰蛋白酶抑制因子含量范围为10.7-31.1 mg·g^-1,大豆球蛋白含量范围为17.7-64.5 mg·g^-1,β-伴大豆球蛋白含量范围为9.3-57.5 mg·g^-1,棉籽糖含量范围为4.25-10.21 mg·g^-1,水苏糖的含量范围为17.68-34.15 mg·g^-1 ,脲酶活性范围为0.00-0.02 U·g^-1。【结论】挤压膨化过程能显著降低大豆中主要抗营养因子的含量,从而减少这些因子带来的不良反应,并能提高大豆营养物质的利用率。     

灌浆成熟期温度对水稻籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性及品质的影响

 选用蒸煮食味品质不同的3个粳稻品种，利用温室高温和自然常温，研究了灌浆成熟期温度对水稻籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性及蒸煮食味品质的影响。结果表明，灌浆成熟期高温条件下，水稻籽粒蛋白质含量提高，直链淀粉含量和味度值降低，劣质品种提高或降低的程度大于优质品种；RVA谱特性对灌浆成熟期温度的反应因品种和特性而异；灌浆过程中，籽粒ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶和淀粉分支酶活性随灌浆进程，酶活性逐渐增加，达到峰值以后，酶活性又逐渐下降，呈单峰曲线，但不同品种酶活性达到峰值的时间和同一时期的酶活性大小有差异；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和可溶性淀粉合成酶的活性表现对温度的影响反应较为迟钝，而淀粉分支酶活性表现对温度变化的反应较为敏感，温度过高过低都降低该酶活性。     

Effect of extrusion cooking temperature on the microstructure of extruded pellets

ABSTRACT:   The microstructure of extruded pellets (EP) for fish under various extrusion cooking temperatures was studied by using a twin-shaft extruder. As the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased and the bulk density of EP decreased. The liquefaction of the material started because of the increase in inner material temperature, the decrease in inner material pressure, and the decrease in main motor amperage. Thus, the microstructure of EP changed depending on the extrusion cooking conditions, that is, the extrusion cooking temperature effected greatly the liquefaction of the material. Generally, when the extrusion cooking temperature increased, the expansion rate increased, but a suitable temperature was found for a maximum expansion rate. The microstructure of the EP was caused by the liquefaction of the material and the microstructure effects on the function of EP. For example, the water holding capacity was affected by the inner bubble structure of an EP. These functions affect the character of the feed. EP produced under suitable conditions can have additional functions for feed.     

膨化与加酶玉米对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠黏膜形态的影响

通过2个饲养试验，研究了膨化及加酶处理玉米对断奶仔猪的生长性能和肠黏膜形态的影响。试验一分别用普通玉米、膨化玉米、普通玉米加酶及膨化玉米加酶为主要能量原料的饲料饲喂仔猪做4种处理，每个处理6个重复，定时记录体质量和耗料量．计算日增重、日采食量和料肉比。结果表明，膨化和加酶玉米均可提高日增重，降低料肉比。试验二分别用普通玉米、膨化玉米、普通玉米加酶及膨化玉米加酶为主要能量原料的饲料饲喂仔猪做4种处理，每个处理6个重复，分别在断奶后第14天和第28天各屠宰1头公猪。取十二指肠、空肠前、中、后段以及回肠做组织切片，观察其黏膜厚度、绒毛高度、隐窝深度和绒毛宽度。结果表明，断奶后14d，与普通玉米组相比，膨化玉米组和加酶玉米组都显著提高了十二指肠的绒毛高度，二者共同处理组使十二指肠的绒毛高度极显著提高；2种处理组都显著降低了空肠中段的隐窝深度；显著增加了十二指肠、空肠前段、后段和回肠的黏膜厚度。断奶后28d，2种处理组都显著增加了十二指肠的黏膜厚度。     

Fatty Acid Porfiles of Farm-Raised Catfish Fillet:

Fatty acid profiles of the total lipids and the phospholipid classes of farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fillets were analyzed. Monoenes represented 49.22 mol% of the total lipid fatty acids while polyunstaturated fatty acids (PUFA) accounted for 19.37 mol%. The total n-3 PUFA content was low (4.22 mol%). The total saturated fatty acids as 31.44 mol %. Catfish contained phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), and sphingomyelin (SPH). Analysis for the individual phospholipid class fatty acid profiles indicated that PI had a high concentration of 18:0 (33.20 mol%) and 20:4 n-6 (13.08 mol%). Phosphatidylethanolamine had the highest concentrations of combined eicosapentaenoic acid, and docoshahexaenoic acid, of 17.37 mol%. Higher ratios of n-3/n-6 PUFA were found in the phospholipid classes than the total lipids. LPC and SPH did not contain measurable PUFA of the n-3 series. The level of 18:1 n-9 in PC, PE, and LPC was approximately 31 mol% whereas in PI, PS, and SPH, the level was approximately 16 mol%. The understanding of the basic distribution of fatty acids in the individual phospholipid classes of channel catfish may be an essential first step in explaining the protective role of 18:1 n-9 and n-3 PUFA against thrombotic and cardiovascular disorder in humans.     

Pigeonpea Nutrition and Its Improvement

Abstract

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.] Millsp.), known by several vernacular and trade names such as red gram, tuar, Angola pea, Congo pea, yellow dhal and oil dhal, is one of the major grain legume crops of the tropics and sub-tropics. It is a favorite crop of small holder dryland farmers because it can grow well under subsistence level of agriculture and provides nutritive food, fodder, and fuel wood. It also improves soil by fixing atmospheric nitrogen. India by far is the largest pigeonpea producer where it is consumed as decorticated split peas, popularly called as ‘dhal’ In other countries, its consumption as whole dry seed and green vegetable is popular. Its foliage is used as fodder and milling by-products form an excellent feed for domestic animals. Pigeonpea seeds contain about 20-22% protein and appreciable amounts of essential amino acids and minerals. Dehulling and boiling treatments of seeds get rid of the most antinutritional factors such as tannins and enzyme inhibitors. Seed storage causes considerable losses in the quality of this legume. The seed protein of pigeonpea has been successfully enhanced by breeding from 20-22% to 28-30%. Such lines also agronomically performed well and have acceptable seed size and color. The high-protein lines were found nutritionally superior to the cultivars because they would provide more quantities of utilizable protein and sulfur-containing amino acids.     

Depletion of ascorbic acid derivatives in fish feed by the production process

ABSTRACT:   The depletion of ascorbic acid derivatives in fish feed during the feed processing (extrusion cooking and drying) was studied at five extrusion cooking temperatures and at 85°C for 2 h dryer processing temperature. Three ascorbic acid derivatives were used: L-ascorbyl-2-mono-phosphate Mg (APM), L-ascorbic acid sodium (AAS) and L-ascorbic acid palmitic acid ester (AAP). Samples were collected after drying and ascorbic acid derivatives losses evaluated. APM was found to be quiet stable with an average retention of 88%, but AAS and AAP were unstable and the depletion was very high.