Effect of heat treatment and germination on alpha amylase inhibitor activity in chick peas (Cicer arietinum L.)

Chick pea seeds of twenty eight varieties were analysed for alpha amylase inhibitor activity (AIA) using salivary amylase. The effects of heat treatment and germination on the activity of the antinutritional factor was investigated. Heat treatment and germination decreased the activity of amylase inhibitor. Chick pea meal was also subjected to UV irradiation and pressure cooking. These treatments decreased alpha amylase inhibitor activity. The amylase inhibitor activity decreased as the days of germination increased and negligible inhibitor activity was observed on the 6th day of germination.     

Quality evaluation of commercial chile-based salsas

A standardized extrusion cooking process was developed for production of a high protein weaning food based on peanuts, maize and soybeans. Major factors evaluated included the effects of blend formulation, extrusion temperature and feed moisture content on ease of extrusion and product quality characteristics. Results showed bulk density and hardness increased while expansion index decreased with increase in feed moisture content. At a fixed range of feed moisture content, product bulk density and firmness decreased while expansion index increased with increasing extrusion temperature. For ease of extrusion and best product quality in terms of sensory attributes and cooking properties, the following extrusion parameters were established for a blend formulation of 75% maize, 10% peanut and 15% soybean: feed particle size of 300–400 m extruded using a screw speed of 500 rpm, with a feed rate of 4.6 kg/min, feed moisture content of 16–18%, and extrusion temperature of 100 ,°C–105,°C. Pair-wise comparison of the sensory attributes of porridges prepared from milled samples of the weaning foods showed significant differences between extruded products and existing traditional counterparts, with very high scores for all sensory attributes of the extruded products, especially extruded raw (non-roasted) blend samples. In the Home-Use-Test, at least 92% of respondents in two out of the three major ecological zones of Ghana placed overall sensory and functional characteristics of extruded raw blend samples as highly acceptable. About 7% of respondents scored sensory and functional quality attributes as acceptable.     

基于超高压处理的猕猴桃原浆制备研究

为优化猕猴桃超高压灭菌条件下原浆制作工艺,对3种不同原浆制作工艺分别进行单因素优化试验,筛选出两种产品色泽和稳定性较好的工艺,并对这两种工艺所制作样品进行4℃储藏40 d的品质对比。结果表明,在最大程度保留猕猴桃原浆绿色,提高其稳定性的条件下,3种工艺的优选次序为：对辊式挤压制浆>胶体磨制浆>高压微射流制浆;与胶体磨工艺相比,对辊式挤压工艺制作的产品在4℃条件下储藏30 d内无明显的自然分层,产品VC损失较少;优化后的制浆工艺为：采用对辊式挤压工艺,挤压次数为1次。按照该工艺制作的猕猴桃原浆色泽相对均一,以青绿色为主,VC含量为40～50 mg/100 g。     

挤压加工对食品营养品质的影响

分析挤压加工过程中,挤压工艺参数对食品营养品质的影响。论述螺杆转速、喂料湿度、机筒温度等工艺参数对挤压加工物料中的蛋白质、淀粉、脂肪、维生素、有效赖氨酸含量和脲酶活性的影响,从另一个角度揭示了产品营养品质在挤压过程中受到的影响。     

Evaluation of the Lime-Cooking and Tortilla Making Properties of Quality Protein Maize Hybrids Grown in Mexico

Eleven experimental and three commercial white quality protein maize (QPM) hybrids and two regular endosperm controls were planted at Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico with the aim of comparing grain physical characteristics, protein quality, lime-cooking and tortilla making properties. All genotypes were planted under irrigation using a density of 80,000 plants/ha and fertilized with 250 kg N-60 P-60 K per hectare. When compared with the controls these QPM genotypes had lower test (77.4 vs. 76.5 kg/hL) and 1,000 kernel weights (327 vs. 307 g), softer endosperm texture (2.5 vs. 1.8 where 1 = soft, 2 intermediate and 3 hard endosperm), lower protein (10.0 vs. 8.0%), higher nixtamal water uptake after 30 min lime-cooking (50.0 vs. 53.1% moisture) and lower pericarp removal scores. The lower thousand-kernel weight and softer endosperm texture observed in the QPM genotypes lowered the optimum lime-cooking time as estimated with regression equations. Most QPM genotypes had higher amounts of lysine, tryptophan and albumins/globulins when compared with the controls. QPMs HEC 424973, HEC 774986 and HEC 734286 had the best grain traits for nixtamalization and therefore the best potential for industrial utilization. The commercial use of these QPM hybrids should benefit Mexicans who depend on tortillas as the main staple.     

Correlation of Plant Morphological and Grain Quality Traits with Mineral Element Contents in Yunnan Rice

Correlations between four grain quality, 24 plant morphological traits and eight element contents of 653 accessions from Yunnan rice were analyzed. P, K, Ca and Mg contents of core collection were closely correlated to the most plant morphological and grain quality traits, and there were highly significant correlations （P 〈0.01） among some traits including P content to number of stems and tillers, K content and amylose content, Ca content and plant height, Mg content and protein content. Mn, Zn, Cu and Fe contents of core collection were closely related to a few traits, such as Fe content and gel consistency （-0.1121^＊＊）, Zn content and seed setting rate （-0.1411^＊＊）, Cu content and number of grains per panicle （-0.1398^＊＊）, Mn content and plant height （-0.2492^＊＊）.     

两个籼稻品种垩白对稻米蒸煮食味与营养品质的影响

以冈优527(杂交籼稻)和窄叶青8号(常规籼稻)为材料,研究垩白对稻米蒸煮食味品质及营养品质的影响。与非垩白米相比,冈优527垩白米的直链淀粉含量极显著升高,最终黏度、消减值、回复值显著升高,胶稠度、峰值黏度、崩解值显著降低,RVA谱的其余指标无显著变化。窄叶青8号垩白米与非垩白米的上述各指标间无显著差异。窄叶青8号垩白米的粗蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米,而冈优527垩白米的粗蛋白含量与非垩白米相比无显著变化。2个品种垩白米的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、赖氨酸含量与非垩白米间无显著差异, 但谷蛋白含量显著低于非垩白米。     

不同地区再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质及淀粉结构与性能差异研究

为探究再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质在不同生态区的差异,并从淀粉结构与性能角度揭示其差异机理,本试验以杂交稻甬优4149、晶两优1468为供试材料,按再生稻栽培模式分别种植于肇庆、长沙、信阳3个生态区,研究了再生季齐穗后温光条件对稻米蒸煮食味品质、RVA 谱特性及淀粉热性能和晶体结构的影响。结果表明,肇庆试验地区的再生季稻米蒸煮食味品质优于长沙、信阳,其直链淀粉含量适中,胶稠度长,糊化温度较低,总淀粉含量较高。再生季齐穗后温光条件与稻米胶稠度、糊化特性以及淀粉热性能和相对结晶度具有显著相关性。籽粒灌浆初中期的温度和光照对再生季稻米淀粉的糊化性能与热性能影响较大;淀粉的相对结晶度受中后期的日均温度影响最为显著。本研究将有助于绿色农业的可持续发展和优质稻米的生产。     

豌豆粉添加对米粉品质特性的影响

为了提高米粉的营养价值,本研究将不同粒径的豌豆粉添加到米粉中,分析不同粒径及添加量(0%、7.5%、15%、30%)对大米粉粉质特性及米粉蒸煮、质构和感官特性的影响。结果表明,添加豌豆粉可以增加米粉中蛋白质的含量,添加30%豌豆粉后米粉的蛋白质含量为原米粉的1.73倍。豌豆粉的添加降低了米粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和回生值,提高了米粉冷糊稳定性,使米粉不易老化。随着豌豆粉添加量的增加,米粉的硬度与蒸煮损失逐渐增大,感官品质降低。豌豆粉的粒度对米粉品质影响较大,当豌豆粉添加量相同时,添加200目豌豆粉的米粉蒸煮损失比添加80目豌豆粉降低9.08%~20.73%;感官评价总分提高1.35%~10.43%。综上,通过降低豌豆粉的粒度可以制备出豌豆粉添加量为30%的品质较好的米粉。本研究结果为营养健康型米粉的开发提供了一定的理论基础。     

Flow analysis of profile extrusion by a modified cross-sectional numerical method

Flow analysis of profile extrusion is essential for design and production of a profile extrusion die. Velocity, pressure, and temperature distribution in an extrusion die are predicted and compared with the experimental results. A two dimensional numerical method is proposed for three dimensional analysis of the flow field within the profile extrusion die by applying a modified cross-sectional numerical method. Since the cross-sectional shape of the die is varied gradually, it is assumed that the pressure is constant within a cross-sectional plane that is perpendicular to the flow direction. With this assumption, the velocity component in the cross-sectional direction is neglected. The exact cross-sectional shape at any position is calculated based on the geometry of standard cross-sections. The momentum and energy equations are solved with proper boundary conditions at a cross-section and then the same calculation is carried out for the next cross-section using the current calculated values. An L-shaped profile extrusion die is produced and employed for experimental investigation using a commercially available polypropylene. Numerical prediction for the varying cross-sectional shape provides better results than the previous studies and is in good agreement with the experimental results.