土壤中有效态镉测定方法探讨

本文比较了４种浸提剂在３种平衡时间和３种土液比条件下对土壤镉的提取，结果表明，在褐土上，随着平衡时间延长和土液比减小，提取镉量有逐渐增加的趋势。对提取镉与小麦籽粒镉所作的相关性研究表明，平衡时间６０ｍｉｎ土液比１：１２．５，用１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮＨ４０Ａｃ浸提剂提取褐土有效镉较为适宜。     

酸性土壤有效汞提取方法研究

为了更好地评价酸性土壤中汞的生物有效性和生态风险,以酸性土壤为供试土壤,通过比较国内外几种常用的土壤有效汞的浸提剂的提取效果,筛选适合于酸性土壤的有效汞浸提剂并优化相应的提取条件,从而建立酸性土壤有效汞的提取方法。结果表明,在0.1 mol·L-1HCl、1 mol·L-1NH4OAc、0.005 mol·L-1DTPA、0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4这4种常用浸提剂中,0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4是最佳的浸提剂,因为它具有最高的提取率,且其所提取的有效汞与相应稻米中Hg含量的相关性最好。0.03%TGA-1/15 mol·L-1Na2HPO4的最佳浸提条件为土液比1∶10、振荡时间120 min、振荡速度250 r.min-1,浸提出的有效汞量与油菜的相关性达到极显著相关,能较好地指示田间条件下土壤汞对作物的可给性。     

外源Pb在三种典型土壤中老化过程差异性研究

为探究外源Pb在不同土壤中的老化过程,对外源添加Pb的土壤进行不同时间（1、3、9、30、100、360 d）的室内培养,并利用三种化学提取剂（0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂、0.05 mol·L^-1 EDTA-2Na和0.43 mol·L^-1 HNO₃）表征的有效态Pb的动态变化,研究了我国三种典型土壤（红壤、黑土和潮土）中有效态Pb的老化过程。结果表明,有效态Pb提取率受不同提取剂和土壤性质的显著影响,0.43mol·L^-1 HNO₃（81%~99%）和0.05 mol·L^-1 EDTA-2Na（66%~99%）对Pb的提取率远高于0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂（0.002%~13.8%）,红壤中0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂提取率（7.2%~13.8%）远高于潮土和黑土（0.002%~0.037%）。三种土壤中0.05 mol·L^-1 EDTA-2Na提取率排序为：黑土>红壤>潮土;三种土壤中0.43 mol·L^-1 HNO₃提取率较高且随老化时间无显著变化,而0.01 mol·L^-1 CaCl₂提取态Pb总体上均随老化时间显著降低后逐渐变缓。红壤和潮土中0.05 mol·L^-1 EDTA提取态Pb的老化过程经过30 d的快速下降后逐渐变缓,到100~360 d后基本达到平衡,而黑土中变化相对缓慢。三种土壤适宜的老化时间分别为：100 d（红壤）、360 d（潮土）、>360 d（黑土）。外源Pb在三种土壤中的老化过程符合一阶指数衰减方程。EDTA提取态Pb老化速率与土壤pH、电导率（EC）呈极显著负相关,与铁铝氧化物含量呈显著正相关。     

Effect of bone chars on phosphorus‐cadmium‐interactions as evaluated by three extraction procedures

Foreseen P shortage and contamination problems have stimulated the search for renewable and contaminant‐free P‐fertilizers and amendments that immobilize Cd. We investigated the P‐dissolution and Cd‐immobilizing effect of bone char (pyrolyzed de‐fatted bone chips; BC) and bone char with added reduced S compounds (BC^plus). Five soils varying in pH and low to high Cd‐contamination were incubated with slow‐release P‐fertilizers (BC and BC^plus) and the fast P‐release diammonium phosphate (DAP), and extracted with NH₄NO₃‐, NaHCO₃‐solutions, and H₂O. The P‐concentrations obtained by the three extractants were well correlated and NH₄NO₃ well suited to simultaneously assess the P‐ and Cd‐solubility. The addition of BC increased pH in all soils whereas BC^plus and DAP lowered the pH in soils with pH > 5. Similar trends for NH₄NO₃‐P differences between treatments and control were observed for BC and BC^plus during the incubation period, although BC^plus resulted in much larger P‐concentrations. The highest Cd‐immobilization efficiency was obtained in BC‐treated soils. The addition of BC^plus and DAP decreased the Cd‐concentrations until 34 d of incubation in all soils and remained effective in Cd‐immobilizing in soils that showed a pH raise over 145 d of incubation. Thus, the results indicate that surface modification of BC may promote the P‐dissolution along with a concomitant Cd‐immobilization largely through its pH‐effect but this must be confirmed in studies under non‐equilibrium conditions.     

水产品中农药残留检验检测方法研究进展

我国是水产品生产和消费大国,水产品已经成为我国居民获取动物蛋白质的重要来源之一,但是大量不规范使用农药使得农作物和水源被污染,被污染的农作物和水源再将残留的农药富集到水产品中,从而造成水产品中农药的残留。水产品的质量安全对国民身体健康至关重要。本文着重介绍水产品农药残留检测方法的研究进展,突出分析水产品中农药残留的前处理方法。通过比较,认为采用乙腈作为提取剂的固相萃取前处理方法及气相色谱检测方法更能有效检测水产品中的农药残留物质。     

L－M马尾松单板脱脂的工艺与设备研制

本工艺研究是采用马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ　ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ　Ｌａｍｂ）单板的多样品，在多状态、多溶剂类型下，通过脱脂实验和溶剂回收实验，确定优良的萃取剂和工艺条件，制定合理简捷的工艺流程，设计满足工艺要求的生产设备，使松脂的萃取能在高料液比下进行，从而取得较佳的经济效益．     

Broiler Litter Composition as Affected by Water Extractant,Dilution Ratio,and Extraction Time

Laboratory methodologies characterizing a suite of water-extractable, elemental fractions of broiler litter (BL) are necessary to provide data representing field conditions once BL is land-applied and to address subsequent potential environmental mobility of litter constituents. This study evaluated the effects of water extractant (rainwater and deionized water), extractant/litter dilution ratio (10:1, 20:1, 30:1, and 40:1), and extraction time (5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720, and 1440 min) on the chemical composition of BL. Water extractant did not affect water-soluble elements. Water-soluble elemental concentrations increased with increasing extraction times and either increased or were unaffected by increasing extractant/litter dilution ratio. Results based on achieving at least 70% of the maximum observed concentration suggest a minimum recommended extraction time of 30 min. However, extraction times exceeding 360 min indicated microbial immobilization of dissolved organic carbon. Therefore, an extraction time between 30 and 360 min is recommended.     

Modifications to the New Soil Extractant H3A-1: A Multinutrient Extractant

Abstract

Leaf samples were collected from upper and lower crown positions at three times during the 1971 and 1972 growing seasons for planted black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) trees on the Kaskaskia Experimental Forest in Hardin County, Illinois. The average dry weight of leaves was affected by crown position and time of year. Foliar concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were affected by season, but not by crown position. The content of all elements tested and the concentrations of Ca and Mg increased with season while concentrations of N, P, and K decreased as the season progressed. Suggestions for sampling dates are given.     

Evaluation of Mehlich 3 as a Universal Nutrient Extractant for Australian Sugarcane Soils

This study evaluated the suitability of the Mehlic h3 universal extractant as a part of a multielement test to assess the nutrient status of Australian sugarcane soils. Soil samples from BSES Soil Exchange Programs, representing all major soil types and geographic sugarcane-growing regions, were analyzed using existing BSES, acid-based extraction methods for calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), potassium (K), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and phosphorus (P) and the ASPAC 10B3 method for sulfur (S). These were compared with the Mehlich 3 procedure. Mehlich 3 results for Ca, Mg, Na, S, and Mn correlated highly with the BSES procedures (R² = 0.95, 0.98, 0.99, 0.91, and 0.91, respectively). Satisfactory correlations were also obtained with 0.1 M HCl–extracted Zn, Cu, and Fe (R² = 0.89, 0.85, and 0.85, respectively) and with the BSES sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄)–extracted P (R² = 0.81). The poorest correlation (R² = 0.79) was observed for K. In conclusion, the Mehlich 3 procedure is suitable as a diagnostic tool to assess the basic nutrient status of Australian sugarcane soils.     

Development and Validation of a New Soil Universal Extractant: 0.02 Molar Strontium Chloride

Abstract

In this experiment, when the strontium chloride–citrate acid extractant (0.02 M SrCl₂–0.05 M citrate) was used for extraction of calcareous soils with calcium carbonate greater than 70 g kg^?1, the filtrate was turbid. Furthermore, white precipitation appeared when this extract was used for phosphorus determination with the Murphy and Riley method. As the concentration of citrate in strontium chloride–citrate acid extractant decreased to 0.025 or 0 M, the filtrate became clean. Further experiments indicated that the 0.02 M SrCl₂ extractant could be used as a universal extractant for soil nitrate+nitrite and potassium; the extracted nitrate+nitrite and potassium significantly correlated with nitrogen and potassium phytoavailability, respectively, determined with ryegrass pot experiment (P<0.05). Thus, the 0.02 M SrCl₂ was recommended as a universal extractant for soil nitrate+nitrite and potassium.