联合浸提剂在我国测土施肥中的应用与发展

测土施肥是提高农作物产量、降低农业成本、节约资源、减少污染的重要举措,我国的土壤测试采用的是常规方法,耗时长、费力大、成本高,已经不适合目前我国高投入的农业生产水平,发达国家采用的联合浸提剂一次浸提可以用于十几个甚至几十个元素的测定,大大节省了操作步骤,实现了土壤测试的批量化、快速化。我国必须引进和发展一种速度快、价格低廉,适合我国的测试方法才能广泛应用于农业生产。该研究通过阐述我国化肥工业的现状以及国内外测土施肥的发展,总结了联合浸提剂在我国测土施肥中的应用与发展前景。     

Optimizing soil dissolved organic matter extraction by grey relational analysis

Dissolved organic matter(DOM) in soil plays an important role in the fate and transport of contaminants.It is typically composed of many compounds,but the effect of different extraction factors on the abundance of different DOM components is unknown.In this study,DOM was extracted from three soils(paddy field,vegetable field and forest soils) with various extraction time,liquid to solid ratios(LSRs),extractant types,and extractant concentrations.The LSR had a significant effect on DOM content,which increased by 0.5–4.0 times among the three soils when LSR increased from 2:1 to 10:1(P 0.05).Dissolved organic matter content increased by 4%–53% when extraction time increased from 10 to 300 min(P 0.05).Extractant concentration had different effects on DOM content depending on the extractant.Higher concentrations of KCl promoted DOM extraction,while higher concentrations of KH_2PO_4 inhibited DOM extraction.Therefore,grey relational analysis was used to further quantitatively evaluate the effect of extraction time,LSR,and extractant concentration on DOM,using KCl as an extractant.For the paddy field and forest soils,the impact of these three factors on DOM extraction efficiency was in the following order:KCl concentration LSR extraction time.However,the effect was different for the vegetable field soil:LSR extraction time KCl concentration.Taking all these factors into account,1.50 mol L~(-1) KCl and an LSR of 10:1 with a shaking time of 300 min was recommended as the most appropriate method for soil DOM extraction.     

土壤中有效态汞的最佳萃取条件研究

利用玉米盆栽实验,通过单一选择性萃取法和流动注射氢化物发生原子吸收光谱法测定,研究了HCl、HOAc、EDTA、NH4OAc、MgCl25种萃取剂在不同萃取时间、不同土液比下对土壤中有效态汞的萃取效果。结果表明,其最佳萃取条件为:萃取剂NH4OAc,萃取时间60min,土液比1∶10。将此方法用于萃取玉米盆栽试验土壤中有效态汞,发现土壤中有效态汞量与玉米中汞含量有显著的相关性,相关性系数达0.9567。因此,在所选定的萃取条件下,用NH4OAC萃取的土壤中有效态汞可较好地用于评价土壤中汞的植物可利用性。     

Evaluation of Extractants and Quantity–Intensity Relationship for Estimation of Available Potassium in Some Calcareous Soils of Western Iran

Accurate estimation of the available potassium (K⁺) supplied by calcareous soils in arid and semi‐arid regions is becoming more important. Exchangeable K⁺, determined by ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), might not be the best predictor of the soil K⁺ available to crops in soils containing micaceous minerals. The effectiveness of different extraction methods for the prediction of K‐supplying capacities and quantity–intensity relationships was studied in 10 calcareous soils in western Iran. Total K⁺ uptake by wheat grown in the greenhouse was used to measure plant‐available soil K⁺. The following methods extracted increasingly higher average amounts of soil K⁺: 0.025 M H₂SO₄ (45 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 1 M NaCl (92 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 0.01 M CaCl₂ (104 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 0.1 M BaCl₂ (126 mg K⁺ kg^?1), and 1 M NH₄OAc (312 mg K⁺ kg^?1). Potassium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl₂, 1 M NaCl, 0.1 M BaCl₂, and 0.025 M H₂SO₄ showed higher correlation with K⁺ uptake by the crop (P < 0.01) than did NH₄OAc (P < 0.05), which is used to extract K⁺ in the soils of the studied area. There were significant correlations among exchangeable K⁺ adsorbed on the planar surfaces of soils (labile K⁺) and K⁺ plant uptake and K⁺ extracted by all extractants. It would appear that both 0.01 M CaCl₂ and 1 M NaCl extractants and labile K⁺ may provide the most useful prediction of K⁺ uptake by plants in these calcareous soils containing micaceous minerals.     

Boron Fertilization and Evaluation of Four Soil Extractants: Russet Burbank Potato

Yield‐response correlations with old and improved soil extraction methods for boron (B) are needed. Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) was grown with two, four, and six B treatments applied in 2004, 2005, and 2006, respectively. Zero and 1.1, 2.2, or 3.4 kg B ha^?1 soil and 0.22 or 0.28 kg B ha^?1 foliar treatments were applied. Boron fertilization did not significantly increase tuber yield or quality despite initially low hot‐water‐extractable B (0.34–0.50 mg kg^?1), although postseason B for unfertilized treatments increased (0.51–0.57 mg kg^?1). Soil‐applied B generally reflected B application relative to the untreated control and the low foliar rates in all three years for the four soil extractions utilized [hot water, pressurized hot water, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–sorbitol, and Mehlich III]. Boron content of potato petiole did reflect application of B in 2 years, but tuber and peel tissues did not consistently reflect application of B.     

新鲜土样和改进ASI浸提剂对土壤有效养分测试的影响

通过分析基于风干土样和新鲜土样、ASI（Agro Services International Inc., ASI）浸提剂和改进ASI浸提剂进行测量的土壤有效养分含量的相关性,探索一种基于新鲜土样和联合浸提剂进行土壤有效养分测试的方法。结果表明,利用ASI浸提剂测量的北京潮土新鲜土样的NO3--N和NH4+-N、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、有机质含量、及pH值,与风干土样的测量值均呈显著的线性相关关系,经该线性方程回归检验的测量相对误差小于5%～9%;利用改进ASI浸提剂测量的新鲜土样和风干土样的NH4+-N、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量与基于ASI浸提剂测量的也呈显著的线性相关关系,经该线性方程回归检验的测量相对误差小于5%～8%。因此,基于新鲜土样和改进ASI浸提剂测量石灰性土壤有效养分含量是可行的,可为车载式土壤养分检测提供一种快捷的土样浸提前处理方法。     

L－M马尾松单板脱脂的工艺与设备研制

本工艺研究是采用马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ　ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ　Ｌａｍｂ）单板的多样品，在多状态、多溶剂类型下，通过脱脂实验和溶剂回收实验，确定优良的萃取剂和工艺条件，制定合理简捷的工艺流程，设计满足工艺要求的生产设备，使松脂的萃取能在高料液比下进行，从而取得较佳的经济效益．     

浸提条件对黑土表层土壤溶解性有机碳浸提量的影响

为进一步验证浸提条件对黑土表层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,并筛选出适于比较黑土区不同 土地利用类型土壤DOC 差异的浸提条件,以典型黑土区落叶松人工林、天然草地、耕地和天然次生林0 ~ 10 cm 土 层土壤为实验材料,测定了不同水土质量比、浸提剂种类及温度条件下4 种土地利用类型表层土壤溶解性有机碳 浸提量。结果表明:1)4 种土地利用类型表层土壤溶解性有机碳浸提量均随水土质量比的增加而增大,呈显著的线 性关系(R2 为0.82 ~0.98);当水土质量比为40颐1时4 种样地土壤DOC 浸提量差异显著(P 0.05),且以天然次生 林土壤DOC 最高,分别为落叶松人工林、草地和耕地的1郾16、1.8 和1.1 倍。2)浸提剂种类不同对表层土壤DOC 测定结果具有一定影响,其中以去离子水提取的土壤DOC 较大。3)在20 ~ 70 益范围内,DOC 浸提量随浸提温度 的升高呈现无明显规律性,其中以70 益时4 种样地表层土壤DOC 浸提量差异显著(P 0.5)。可以认为40:1 水土质量比、去离子水作浸提剂的浸提条件可以反映黑土区不同土地利用类型表层土壤DOC 之间的差异。      

Corn Responses to Phosphorus Application at Different Soil Phosphorus Levels on a Calcareous Soil

Phosphorus (P) in an high-pH soil may not be readily available to a crop, even though soil-testing procedures indicate high levels are present. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine corn yield responses to different rates of P fertilization as a function of soil-test P levels determined using the Mehlich-3 extractant. In 1 of the 2 years of this study, corn yields responded to P application across all soil P levels in a linear plateau fashion, indicating that P availability was limiting regardless of soil P levels. Where soil-test P was less than 40 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a quadratic response to rate of P applied both years, and when soil-test P was between 40 and 60 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a response only in the second year, when better growing conditions occurred. Soil-test P levels based on the Mehlich-3 extractant identified deficiencies in soil P availability to the crop, which could be corrected by P fertilization on a high-pH soil. Uptake efficiency of applied P was low, indicating that much of the P applied was not available to the crop.     

树木生物活性物质利用的研究概况与展望*

分析了树木生物活性物质利用的现状，包括生物活性物质在农林业害虫防治上的应用、药用价值的开发及抗氧化剂的利用，化妆产品的生产以及天然、营养、无污染的防腐剂和保健产品的开发利用，并从植物质杀虫剂、药物制剂、天然防腐保鲜等方面对生物活性物质的开发前景作了展望。