稻菜轮作制下土壤有效态汞提取剂和提取条件研究

选择长三角地区代表性人为耕作土——青紫泥为研究对象,通过网室盆栽和室内试验,选用CaCl2,HCl,DTPA(二乙烯三胺五乙酸)和NH4OAc共4种提取剂,研究了水稻—小白菜—萝卜作物轮作系统中土壤有效态汞提取剂的选择与提取条件的优化问题。结果表明,不同提取剂提取的有效态汞含量随提取时间的延长而逐渐增加,30min可作为提取剂提取土壤有效态汞的最佳平衡时间;随土水比的减小,提取剂提取的土壤有效态汞量明显提高,1∶5为较适宜的土水比;不同提取剂的提取能力不同,对供试土壤,提取剂提取能力的大小顺序为:CaCl2>HCl>NH4OAc>DTPA。提取剂提取的土壤有效态汞量之间存在显著正相关,其中CaCl2和NH4OAc之间相关性最高;在土壤—水稻系统和土壤—萝卜系统中作物可食部位汞含量与提取剂提取的土壤有效态汞含量之间存在显著正相关关系,但在土壤—小白菜系统中相关性不强。综合分析,确定CaCl2为供试土壤汞有效态的最佳化学提取剂。     

Development of a New Soil Extractant for Simultaneous Phosphorus,Ammonium, and Nitrate Analysis

Abstract

A new soil extractant (H³A) with the ability to extract NH₄, NO₃, and P from soil was developed and tested against 32 soils, which varied greatly in clay content, organic carbon (C), and soil pH. The extractant (H³A) eliminates the need for separate phosphorus (P) extractants for acid and calcareous soils and maintains the extract pH, on average, within one unit of the soil pH. The extractant is composed of organic root exudates, lithium citrate, and two synthetic chelators (DTPA, EDTA). The new soil extractant was tested against Mehlich 3, Olsen, and water for extractable P, and 1 M KCl and water‐extractable NH₄ and NO₂/NO₃. The pH of the extractant after adding soil, shaking, and filtration was measured for each soil sample (5 extractants×2 reps×32 soils=320 samples) and was shown to be highly influential on extractable P but has no effect on extractable NH₄ or NO₂/NO₃. H³A was highly correlated with soil‐extractable inorganic N (NH₄, NO₂/NO₃) from both water (r=0.98) and 1 M KCl (r=0.97), as well as being significantly correlated with water (r=0.71), Mehlich 3 (r=0.83), and Olsen (r=0.84) for extractable P.     

速冻草莓色素提取条件的研究

以速冻草莓为原料,研究提取草莓红色素的最佳提取条件。试验结果表明,色素的最佳提取条件为：料液比（质量浓度g／mL）为1：12,用1．5mol／LHCl和无水乙醇作混合溶液（体积比l：9）作提取剂,提取温度40℃,提取时间5h。     

树木生物活性物质利用的研究概况与展望*

分析了树木生物活性物质利用的现状，包括生物活性物质在农林业害虫防治上的应用、药用价值的开发及抗氧化剂的利用，化妆产品的生产以及天然、营养、无污染的防腐剂和保健产品的开发利用，并从植物质杀虫剂、药物制剂、天然防腐保鲜等方面对生物活性物质的开发前景作了展望。     

Soil Health and Soil Fertility Assessment by the Haney Soil Health Test in an Agricultural Soil in West Tennessee

The Haney Soil Health Test (HSHT) is a recent approach to quantify soil health by focusing mostly on soil biology. It uses a new extractant (H3A) for the extraction of plant available nutrients, a new method of soil respiration measurement (24-hr CO₂ burst) using Solvita® gel system, and a new approach in determining bioavailable carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) namely water extractable organic C (WEOC) and water extractable organic N (WEON). A soil health score is calculated by combining Solvita® respiration, WEOC, and WEON data. The objective of this study was to test the feasibility of HSHT to detect the management-induced changes in soil nutrient levels and soil health in the production systems of west Tennessee. We tested soils collected from a cover crop field trial established in 2013 on a no-till corn (Zea mays L.) – soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Compared to Mehlich-1 and Mehlich-3, H3A extracted the lowest amount of soil extractable phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium. Neither the soil health score nor its component parameters showed significant differences between cover crop treatments and the control. In addition, the Solvita® CO₂ data did not provide a reliable estimation of potentially mineralizable N. Overall, the HSHT did not detect differences in soil health due to cover cropping in west Tennessee. We conclude that HSHT, though a promising concept due to its focus on linking soil biology with soil fertility and soil health, may need extensive field evaluation and refinement in contrasting soils and climates across the US.     

Evaluation of Extractants and Quantity–Intensity Relationship for Estimation of Available Potassium in Some Calcareous Soils of Western Iran

Accurate estimation of the available potassium (K⁺) supplied by calcareous soils in arid and semi‐arid regions is becoming more important. Exchangeable K⁺, determined by ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc), might not be the best predictor of the soil K⁺ available to crops in soils containing micaceous minerals. The effectiveness of different extraction methods for the prediction of K‐supplying capacities and quantity–intensity relationships was studied in 10 calcareous soils in western Iran. Total K⁺ uptake by wheat grown in the greenhouse was used to measure plant‐available soil K⁺. The following methods extracted increasingly higher average amounts of soil K⁺: 0.025 M H₂SO₄ (45 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 1 M NaCl (92 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 0.01 M CaCl₂ (104 mg K⁺ kg^?1), 0.1 M BaCl₂ (126 mg K⁺ kg^?1), and 1 M NH₄OAc (312 mg K⁺ kg^?1). Potassium extracted by 0.01 M CaCl₂, 1 M NaCl, 0.1 M BaCl₂, and 0.025 M H₂SO₄ showed higher correlation with K⁺ uptake by the crop (P < 0.01) than did NH₄OAc (P < 0.05), which is used to extract K⁺ in the soils of the studied area. There were significant correlations among exchangeable K⁺ adsorbed on the planar surfaces of soils (labile K⁺) and K⁺ plant uptake and K⁺ extracted by all extractants. It would appear that both 0.01 M CaCl₂ and 1 M NaCl extractants and labile K⁺ may provide the most useful prediction of K⁺ uptake by plants in these calcareous soils containing micaceous minerals.     

Comparison of different extractants for the determination of inorganic sulphate in gypsum‐free agricultural soils

Four frequently used extractants (H₂O, 0.1 M NaCl, 0.016 M KH₂PO₄, and 0.5 M NaHCO₃) as well as different extraction conditions have been tested for sulphate extraction from gypsum‐free agricultural soils. Water is the preferable extractant for soils with pH > 6. Two extraction steps have to be carried out for complete extraction (> 95%). A 0.016 M KH₂PO₄ solution was found to be the most efficient extractant for soils with a pH < 6 within a single extraction step. A shaking frequency of 170 min^‐1 and a duration of extraction of 4 hours are the optimized conditions for the sulphate extraction with H₂O and KH₂PO₄ solution.     

浸提条件对黑土表层土壤溶解性有机碳浸提量的影响

为进一步验证浸提条件对黑土表层土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)浸提量的影响,并筛选出适于比较黑土区不同 土地利用类型土壤DOC 差异的浸提条件,以典型黑土区落叶松人工林、天然草地、耕地和天然次生林0 ~ 10 cm 土 层土壤为实验材料,测定了不同水土质量比、浸提剂种类及温度条件下4 种土地利用类型表层土壤溶解性有机碳 浸提量。结果表明:1)4 种土地利用类型表层土壤溶解性有机碳浸提量均随水土质量比的增加而增大,呈显著的线 性关系(R2 为0.82 ~0.98);当水土质量比为40颐1时4 种样地土壤DOC 浸提量差异显著(P 0.05),且以天然次生 林土壤DOC 最高,分别为落叶松人工林、草地和耕地的1郾16、1.8 和1.1 倍。2)浸提剂种类不同对表层土壤DOC 测定结果具有一定影响,其中以去离子水提取的土壤DOC 较大。3)在20 ~ 70 益范围内,DOC 浸提量随浸提温度 的升高呈现无明显规律性,其中以70 益时4 种样地表层土壤DOC 浸提量差异显著(P 0.5)。可以认为40:1 水土质量比、去离子水作浸提剂的浸提条件可以反映黑土区不同土地利用类型表层土壤DOC 之间的差异。      

L－M马尾松单板脱脂的工艺与设备研制

本工艺研究是采用马尾松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ　ｍａｓｓｏｎｉａｎａ　Ｌａｍｂ）单板的多样品，在多状态、多溶剂类型下，通过脱脂实验和溶剂回收实验，确定优良的萃取剂和工艺条件，制定合理简捷的工艺流程，设计满足工艺要求的生产设备，使松脂的萃取能在高料液比下进行，从而取得较佳的经济效益．     

Corn Responses to Phosphorus Application at Different Soil Phosphorus Levels on a Calcareous Soil

Phosphorus (P) in an high-pH soil may not be readily available to a crop, even though soil-testing procedures indicate high levels are present. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine corn yield responses to different rates of P fertilization as a function of soil-test P levels determined using the Mehlich-3 extractant. In 1 of the 2 years of this study, corn yields responded to P application across all soil P levels in a linear plateau fashion, indicating that P availability was limiting regardless of soil P levels. Where soil-test P was less than 40 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a quadratic response to rate of P applied both years, and when soil-test P was between 40 and 60 mg kg^?1, corn yields showed a response only in the second year, when better growing conditions occurred. Soil-test P levels based on the Mehlich-3 extractant identified deficiencies in soil P availability to the crop, which could be corrected by P fertilization on a high-pH soil. Uptake efficiency of applied P was low, indicating that much of the P applied was not available to the crop.