南方根结线虫被穿刺巴斯德芽菌侵染后寿命和生殖相关基因的表达变化

为了探讨南方根结线虫在植物体外被穿刺巴斯德芽菌感染后存活率的变化及感染初期线虫寿命和生殖相关基因的表达情况。首先利用单卵块孵化法对从野外采集的根结线虫进行纯化和分子鉴定。以穿刺巴斯德芽菌孢子体外吸附的南方根结线虫为材料,在显微镜下观察供试线虫的存活情况,每24 h计数一次死亡线虫的条数,总共观察12 d。在被穿刺巴斯德芽菌吸附的第3天收集根结线虫,提取线虫总RNA,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测线虫寿命相关基因cyp-33和生殖相关基因lin-45/mek-2的表达情况。结果表明：通过分子鉴定确认纯化的根结线虫为南方根结线虫;感染了穿刺巴斯德芽菌的南方根结线虫死亡率显著升高;同时在穿刺巴斯德芽菌吸附南方根结线虫的初期,线虫寿命相关基因cyp-33和生殖相关基因lin-45/mek-2的表达水平与对照组相比均下调（p<0.05）。这说明穿刺巴斯德芽菌在吸附南方根结线虫的初期能够促使线虫的存活率降低,并抑制其生殖能力,这可能与基因cyp-33、lin-45和mek-2的调控有关。     

中华鲟幼鱼到达长江口时间新记录

2015年4月16日,在长江口水域监测到1 ind中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)幼鱼,全长8.10 cm,体长7.00 cm,体质量2.19 g,经形态和分子鉴定,确定为野生中华鲟幼鱼,这是2014年以来在长江口水域监测到的首例野生中华鲟幼鱼。与历史资料相比,该幼鱼到达长江口时间提早约1个月,是中华鲟幼鱼到达长江口的最早新记录。该小规格幼鱼的发现和较早的在长江口水域出现,原因有几种推测:一是长江葛洲坝下产卵场仍然存在中华鲟产卵活动,但产卵时间发生了较大变化;二是在葛洲坝下中华鲟产卵场下游形成了新产卵活动场所,且距离长江口更近。     

Index-based assessment of agricultural drought in a semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia, China

Agricultural drought is a type of natural disaster that seriously impacts food security.Because the relationships among short-term rainfall,soil moisture,and crop growth are complex,accurate identification of a drought situation is difficult.In this study,using a conceptual model based on the relationship between water deficit and crop yield reduction,we evaluated the drought process in a typical rainfed agricultural region,Hailar county in Inner Mongolia autonomous region,China.To quantify drought,we used the precipitation-based Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI),the soil moisture-based Crop Moisture Index(CMI),as well as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI).Correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between dekad-scale drought indices during the growing season(May–September)and final yield,according to data collection from 2000 to 2010.The results show that crop yield has positive relationships with CMI from mid-June to mid-July and with the NDVI anomaly throughout July,but no correlation with SPI.Further analysis of the relationship between the two drought indices shows that the NDVI anomaly responds to CMI with a lag of 1 dekad,particularly in July.To examine the feasibility of employing these indices for monitoring the drought process at a dekad time scale,a detailed drought assessment was carried out for selected drought years.The results confirm that the soil moisture-based vegetation indices in the late vegetative to early reproductive growth stages can be used to detect agricultural drought in the study area.Therefore,the framework of the conceptual model developed for drought monitoring can be employed to support drought mitigation in the rainfed agricultural region of Northern China.     

咸淡组合淋洗对土壤水盐分布特征的影响

为了缓解干旱半干旱地区淡水资源紧缺问题,最大限度地利用浅层地下微咸水,以全部淡水和全部咸水为对照,采用两咸一淡组合淋洗的方法对垂直土柱淋洗后土壤剖面的水、盐分布规律及土壤理化性质的变化进行研究,结果表明在累积入渗量相同的前提下,咸淡组合次序对土壤大孔隙的形成有影响,导致土壤透水性不同,通过入渗进入土壤的总盐量是土壤含盐量的主要影响因素;入渗历时的延长有助于提高土壤剖面脱盐深度,淡-咸-咸的组合次序洗盐效果最好;各种咸淡组合次序均导致20 cm深度处的钠吸附比较初始值增大,尤其是全部咸水入渗会降低土壤的渗透性,有可能导致土壤发生次生盐渍化.该研究为微咸水的田间合理利用提供了依据.     

黑龙江省农业机械化作业水平预测方法

黑龙江省农机化作业水平的预测是一个复杂的非线性系统,其发展变化具有增长性和波动性,对于拟合的方法要求较高。该文对黑龙江省农机化作业水平预测方法进行研究,在传统预测模型灰色GM(1,1)模型、平滑预测模型和回归预测模型的基础上建立了基础预测模型,并与BP神经网络模型组合,建立了灰色神经网络、平滑回归神经网络等组合预测模型,并预测了黑龙江省2008～2015年的农机化耕、种、收、植保、灌溉作业水平。结果表明,新的预测方法拟合精度高、有效、可行,为农机化作业水平的预测提供了一条新的途径;黑龙江省机耕、机播、植保作业水平很高,但是机收作业水平不高,机械化灌溉是主要的瓶颈,需要进一步发展。     

滴灌施肥机灌水与施肥均匀性试验

为了研究滴灌施肥机在不同压力条件下灌水流量和溶液浓度的时空变化以及水力要素对灌溉均匀性的影响,该文以荧光示踪剂溶液模拟肥料,并以比例混合泵滴灌施肥机为研究对象,通过连续均匀采样的试验方法分析其灌水和施肥均匀性。结果表明：比例混合泵施肥机在不同压力条件下灌水和施肥均匀性都很好,但在施肥过程中存在施肥滞后时间和停肥延时时间,这两个时间决定施肥机灌溉的最小时间及最佳施肥方式,同时受这两个时间的影响,选择不同滴灌施肥测试时间得到的施肥均匀性分析结果存在着差别。     

草原蝗虫空间格局及其抽样技术的研究

根据改进的m*=α′ β′m γm2模型和聚集度指标,研究了草原混合种群的空间分布.结果表明,蝻期蝗虫呈聚集分布,在聚集的个体群内,个体间是相互排斥的.成虫期分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引,而个体群的分布是均匀的.以聚集度(m*/m)的时序动态表明,蝗蝻初期呈均匀分布,盛期呈聚集分布,成虫期为均匀分布.在测报和防治中,混合种群的理论抽样数为20～40个样点.     

制冷剂的替代及相关问题分析

结合当今世界环保趋势对制冷剂使用的要求,阐述了关于某些制冷剂的最后禁用期限、替代、过渡和禁用制冷剂的回收利用,并提出了对中国有关制冷剂替代工作的建议。     

Campylobacter monitoring in German broiler flocks: an explorative time series analysis

Campylobacter, a major zoonotic pathogen, displays seasonality in poultry and in humans. In order to identify temporal patterns in the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in a voluntary monitoring programme in broiler flocks in Germany and in the reported human incidence, time series methods were used. The data originated between May 2004 and June 2007. By the use of seasonal decomposition, autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions, it could be shown that an annual seasonality is present. However, the peak month differs between sample submission, prevalence in broilers and human incidence. Strikingly, the peak in human campylobacterioses preceded the peak in broiler prevalence in Lower Saxony rather than occurring after it. Significant cross-correlations between monthly temperature and prevalence in broilers as well as between human incidence, monthly temperature, rainfall and wind-force were identified. The results highlight the necessity to quantify the transmission of Campylobacter from broiler to humans and to include climatic factors in order to gain further insight into the epidemiology of this zoonotic disease.     

混播比例和刈割期对混播草地产量及品质影响的研究

在新疆石河子进行了不同混播比例和不同刈割期对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa和无芒雀麦Bromus innermis混播草地产量及品质影响的研究。结果表明：以紫花苜蓿50%（7.5 kg/hm2）+无芒雀麦50%（15 kg/hm2）混播比例的混播草地产草量最高,达到21.3 t/hm2,刈割期处理T2（紫花苜蓿初花期）产草量最高。刈割期对紫花苜蓿品质存在着明显的影响。处理T1（紫花苜蓿现蕾期）的粗蛋白含量最高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量最低（P<0.05）;刈割期对混播草地无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿品质存在一定的影响,其中混播处理A1（紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦5∶5）紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦的品质较好。