南方某矿区土壤镉污染及作物健康风险研究

为了评估南方某县土壤镉污染情况、量化当地不同作物镉含量并对不同人群健康风险进行评估,从该县3个镇采集135份土壤样本,入户采集128份自产大米样本,种植区采集7份脐橙样本,对其中镉含量进行测定。结果表明,3镇采集土壤样品镉超标率分别为41.67%、28.81%和21.62%,地累积指数计算得到该县68.9%的土壤样本受到不同程度的镉污染,大米镉含量超标率分别为48.57%、34.48%、8.82%。而脐橙果肉样品中镉含量较低,远低于0.05 mg·kg^-1。计算不同作物的危害商数（HQ）可得,食用自产大米的危害商数（HQ）值普遍大于1,风险较高,而食用脐橙果肉产生的健康风险低。种植脐橙具有一定的经济效益,且当地具有脐橙适宜的生长条件,故考虑在重污染区种植脐橙取代种植水稻。     

Abnormal development of genital organs in offspring male mice exposed to finasteride during pregnancy

AIM: To investigate the effects of finasteride exposure during pregnancy on the development of reproductive organs in offspring male mice. METHODS: CD-1 mice were treated with finasteride from 0 to 17 d after conception. The development of reproductive organs in the offspring male mice were observed by macroscopy, anatomical analysis and histological staining. The spermatogenesis was analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS: Macroscopic observation showed that fenasteride exposure during pregnancy resulted in external genital malformations in the offspring male mice, which were manifested as incomplete scrotal fusion and penile malformation. In addition, the anogenital distance was significantly shortened (P<0.01). Histological staining showed that the length of penis at each stage was significantly shortened (P<0.01), the density of seminiferous tubules in testis and mature spermatozoa in seminiferous tubules were significantly decreased (P<0.01), and the luminal space size of seminiferous tubules and interstitial space size of testises were significantly increased (P<0.01). Immunofluorescence staining showed that the densities of Sertoli cells, Leydig cells and spermatogonium in testis were significantly reduced (P<0.01), and the fluorescence intensity of caspase-3 in spermatogenic tubule cells was increased significantly (P<0.01). However, the fluorescence intensity of Ki67 and desert hedgehog (Dhh) was decreased significantly (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: Finasteride exposure during pregnancy results in abnormal development of reproductive organs in offspring male mice and affects spermatogenesis.     

干露对日本海神蛤稚贝生长和存活的影响

为研究不同时间和温度下干露对日本海神蛤Panopea japonica稚贝生长和存活的影响,以两种规格(S组壳长为1.70 mm±0.31 mm,L组壳长为5.04 mm±0.63 mm)的日本海神蛤稚贝为材料,在0、10、20℃条件下,分别干露4、8、12 h,测量并统计干露后恢复3、6、9 d时稚贝的存活率和生长情况。结果表明:在相同干露条件下,L组稚贝的抗干露能力显著高于S组(P0.05);在相同干露时间内,稚贝在不同温度下干露的存活率依次为10℃20℃0℃;0℃下S组稚贝干露后恢复6、9 d时的存活率急剧下降,分别为30.22%±6.48%、19.78%±7.70%,与其他各组有显著性差异(P0.05)。研究表明,经干露处理后,S组日本海神蛤稚贝瞬时生长率显著高于其对照组(P0.05),存在补偿生长现象。     

底泥中三氯生残留对轮叶黑藻的生态毒性效应

为探讨三氯生(triclosan,TCS)低浓度长期暴露对水生生态系统的毒性效应,本文以典型沉水植物——轮叶黑藻为研究对象,利用HPLC-MS、UV-VIS等分析技术,研究了0.05～0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS底泥暴露28 d后轮叶黑藻体内TCS的残留浓度及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,在处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS的含量在暴露初期(14 d)呈下降趋势,随着暴露时间延长,叶片中TCS含量逐渐升高,暴露28 d时,0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS浓度高达2.16 mg·kg~(-1)。TCS暴露周期内,轮叶黑藻叶片中叶绿素含量呈持续下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈先促进后抑制的趋势,而其茎部可溶性蛋白含量则始终呈抑制状态。此外,TCS胁迫可显著影响轮叶黑藻叶片和茎部的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,对轮叶黑藻的抗氧化系统造成不可逆的损伤。研究结果为评估水体环境中TCS的生态风险提供了基础数据和理论依据。     

苹果中4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露评估

【目的】对国产苹果中多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、吡虫啉和灭幼脲4种常用农药残留及其膳食暴露进行评估,明确并量化中国居民食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药膳食摄入风险水平,为苹果安全生产、消费及质量安全监管提供依据。【方法】基于渤海湾（辽宁、山东、河北）和西北黄土高原（陕西、山西、河南）两大苹果优势主产区采集的282份苹果样品,运用专业风险评估软件@Risk,尝试构建非参数概率评估模型,对中国居民食用苹果途径的农药膳食摄入（暴露）风险进行概率评估。首先对282份苹果样品中上述4种农药残留检测值进行分布拟合,拟合度运用Chi-Squared、Anderson-Darling、Kolmogorov-Smirnov 3种统计方法进行检验,综合考虑3种评估拟合结果,确定最佳拟合分布。STMR、HR取最佳分布拟合值,%ADI和%ARfD分别表示慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险。【结果】参试的282份苹果样品,255份（占90.4%）苹果样品中检出了农药残留。在检出的4种常用农药中,多菌灵的检出率最高,达到81.9%;其次为甲基硫菌灵和吡虫啉,分别为52.1%和39.0%;灭幼脲的检出率最低,仅为31.2%。绝大多数苹果样品中农药残留量处于较低水平,最大检出浓度为0.9251 mg·kg^-1（多菌灵）,但仍远低于最大残留限量值3.0 mg·kg^-1。样品中4种常用农药残留量均值依次为多菌灵（0.1042 mg·kg^-1）＞灭幼脲（0.0182 mg·kg^-1）＞甲基硫菌灵（0.0082 mg·kg^-1）＞吡虫啉（0.0050 mg·kg^-1）。样品中4种常用农药残留量离散程度有异,变异系数分别达到232.8%（甲基硫菌灵）、214.8%（吡虫啉）、174.1%（灭幼脲）和136.4%（多菌灵）。282份苹果样品农药残留量分布规律较明显,随着农药残留浓度的升高,样品所占的比例均呈逐渐降低的趋势。27份（占9.6%）苹果样品中未检出上述4种常用农药,198份（占70.2%）苹果样品中检出2种及以上农药残留,19份（占6.7%）苹果样品甚至检出4种农药残留。不同年龄组人群食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药慢性膳食摄入风险（%ADI）分别为0.2120%-35.1100%（多菌灵）、0.0051%-0.8240%（吡虫啉）、0.0049%-0.1710%（甲基硫菌灵）和0.0004%-0.0152%（灭幼脲）;急性膳食摄入风险（%ARfD）分别为0.1940%-16.0500%（多菌灵）和0.0122%-0.9400%（吡虫啉）。幼儿（2-6岁）和儿童（7-13岁）2个年龄组人群由于体重较轻,而苹果摄入量相对较高,膳食摄入风险明显高于其他年龄组人群,为重点监控对象。不同年龄组人群之间,随着年龄的增加,农药膳食摄入风险整体呈逐渐下降趋势;同一年龄组人群,选取的百分位点值越高,农药膳食摄入风险越大。【结论】中国苹果中多菌灵、甲基硫菌灵、吡虫啉和灭幼脲这4种常用农药检出率较高,但所有样品农药残留量均低于最大残留限量。中国居民食用苹果途径的上述4种常用农药慢性和急性膳食摄入风险均很低,幼儿和儿童2个年龄组人群膳食摄入风险明显高于其他年龄组人群,需重点关注。     

干露胁迫对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)呼吸代谢相关酶的影响

为了研究离水干露对脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)呼吸代谢能力的影响,以常温干露(22-24℃)、低温干露(4℃)2个实验组和1个对照组进行脊尾白虾干露胁迫实验,于胁迫后60、90、120、180 min取组织,测定琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、延胡索酸还原酶(FRD)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)4种呼吸代谢酶活力和乳酸含量.结果显示,常温干露组肝胰腺、鳃、肌肉SDH和CCO活力随干露时间的延长而降低,且显著低于对照组(P＜0.05);FRD、LDH活力和肌肉乳酸含量随胁迫时间的延长呈先升高后降低趋势,且显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).低温干露组在胁迫60 min时,各组织呼吸代谢酶活力和肌肉乳酸含量与对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05),之后的变化趋势和常温干露组相同.常温干露组和低温干露组中肝胰腺和鳃SDH/FRD比值的变化幅度大于肌肉.研究表明,脊尾白虾通过提高无氧代谢来应对干露胁迫;低温干露下的脊尾白虾在胁迫早期可以维持有氧呼吸,肝胰腺和鳃比肌肉对干露胁迫更加敏感.     

急性氨氮胁迫及毒后恢复对团头鲂幼鱼鳃、肝和肾组织结构的影响

为进一步了解氨氮对团头鲂幼鱼的毒性毒理影响,以体质量为(14.27±0.01)g的团头鲂幼鱼为研究对象,研究了氨氮胁迫对其鳃、肝、肾组织结构的影响。实验首先进行96h的氨氮胁迫,得出96h LC50,在此基础上,设置对照组(0.472 mg/L)和实验组(25 mg/L)两个氨氮浓度处理组,进行0、6、12、24、48h的氨氮胁迫,取样后剩余团头鲂幼鱼移入曝气自来水进行96h的毒后恢复实验。结果表明：96h LC50为56.492 mg/L;三种组织观察表明,氨氮胁迫6h,鳃丝毛细血管扩张,上皮组织增生;肝细胞肿胀,细胞核肿大,肝细胞空泡化;肾小球萎缩,肾小囊腔膨大,肾小管管腔缩小;胁迫12h,泌氯细胞增生,呼吸上皮细胞出现部分脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张、细胞轮廓模糊,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞肿大、水样变性、浊肿;胁迫24h,鳃小片融合、变短,呼吸上皮细胞大面积脱落;肝细胞水样变性、血窦扩张严重,形成局部病灶;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,充血,肾小球坏死,肾小管坏死;胁迫48h,鳃小片卷曲,上皮细胞部分脱落;肝细胞部分溶解、血窦扩张,形成点状病灶;肾小管上皮细胞坏死,肾小球坏死;96h恢复后,泌氯细胞和上皮组织增生严重;肝组织大面积细胞核肿大,血窦扩张;肾组织淋巴细胞浸润严重,肾小管坏死,肾小球坏死。实验表明,不同的器官之间病症的损伤程度是不同的,肝组织的损伤最严重,然后依次是鳃和肾。随着胁迫时间延长,鳃、肝和肾组织受到的损害增加,同时鱼体也产生防御反应,但96h的恢复期不足以让团头鲂幼鱼在胁迫中完全恢复,而恢复能力最差的是肾组织。     

药浴暴露下阿维菌素在异育银鲫体内蓄积和消除规律

采用UPLC-MS/MS法研究了2μg·L-1三次连续水体药浴和6μg·L-1一次性水体药浴条件下阿维菌素在水体中消除、在异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)体内蓄积和消除变化规律。结果显示,两种药浴暴露方式下阿维菌素在水体中消除呈一级指数衰退消除,消除半衰期(t1/2)均为63 h,240 h时浓度下降到0.5μg·L-1以下。阿维菌素在异育银鲫血浆和肌肉中的含量均呈先升高后下降的趋势,血浆中药物浓度远高于肌肉中的含量。2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组和6μg·L-1一次药浴组血药峰浓度(Cmax)分别为34.97、66.62μg·L-1,其曲线下面积(AUC0-t)分别为9 871.2μg·L-1·h和18 119.6μg·L-1·h;两组药浴肌肉中达峰浓度分别4.42μg·kg-1和15.80μg·kg-1,其AUC0-t分别为641.9μg·kg-1·h和4 271.0μg·kg-1·h。与2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组相比,6μg·L-1一次药浴组阿维菌素在血浆和肌肉中的蓄积作用更加显著。以10μg·kg-1作为阿维菌素在异育银鲫肌肉中最大残留限量,选择95%的置信区间计算异育银鲫肌肉组织中休药期,本研究中2μg·L-1连续三次药浴组肌肉的休药期为295.4 h,6μg·L-1一次药浴组肌肉的休药期为454.5 h。     

Contribution of contact toxicity and wheat condition to mortality of stored-product insects exposed to spinosad

Spinosad, a reduced-risk commercial insecticide derived from a bacterial fermentation product, possesses both contact and oral toxicities against insects. Contact toxicity of spinosad to adults of Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus oryzae (L), and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) was evaluated by exposure for 24 or 48 h to treated glass Petri dishes. Adults were exposed to different deposits (0.001-0.79 mg cm(-2)) of spinosad in 24-h tests and to deposits of 0, 0.0016 and 0.016mg cm(-2) in 48-h tests. Rhyzopertha dominica was most susceptible to spinosad in 24- and 48-h tests, followed by S. oryzae, and T. castaneum. The 24-h LD50 values were 0.0004, 0.077 and 0.189mg cm(-2) for R. dominica, S. oryzae, and T. castaneum, respectively. All R. dominica adults were dead following 48 h exposure to both spinosad deposits, whereas mortality of S. oryzae and T. castaneum ranged from 10 to 85% and 12 to 48%, respectively. Rhyzopertha dominica, T. castaneum, and O. surinamensis adults were exposed for 14 days to whole wheat, cracked wheat and wheat flour treated with 0, 0.1 and 1.0 mg kg(-1) of spinosad. Rhyzopertha dominica adults were highly susceptible to spinosad, followed by O. surinamensis and T. castaneum. Immatures (eggs and larvae) of T. castaneum and O. surinamensis exposed for 14 days were more susceptible on spinosad-treated whole wheat than on treated cracked wheat and wheat flour. This is the first report documenting contact activity of spinosad, and the effect of grain condition on spinosad toxicity, to stored-product insects.     

Assessment of relevant factors and relationships concerning human dermal exposure to pesticides in greenhouse applications

Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the gas chromatographic data obtained from 23 different greenhouse trials. This was used to establish which factors, including application technique (very small, small, medium and large drop-size), crop characteristics (short/tall, thin/dense) and pattern application of the operator (walking towards or away from the treated area) are relevant to the dermal exposure levels of greenhouse applicators. The results showed that the highest exposure by pesticides during field applications in greenhouses, in the climatic conditions and in the crop conditions typical of a southern European country, occurs on the lower legs and front thighs of the applicators. Similar results were obtained by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Drop-size seems to be very important in determining total exposure, while height and density of crops have little influence on total exposure under the conditions of the present study. No pesticide type is a major factor in total exposure. The application of multiple regression analysis (MRA) allowed assessment of the relationships between the pesticide exposure of the less affected parts of the body with the most affected parts.