基于Pyboard的土壤水通量测量系统研究

针对目前没有成熟的土壤水通量测量设备的问题,通过技术分析,使用Pyboard控制单元、MicroPython编程语言和ADS1256模数转换芯片,设计了一款土壤水通量传感器。使用Python软件,利用Math库中的Matplotlib函数设计了上位机软件,通过传感器功能测试,可实现土壤热扩散系数、容积热容量、热导率以及土壤水通量的测量。选用石英砂、壤质砂土、砂质壤土和砂质黏壤土4种土样进行试验,根据最大无量纲温度差（MDTD）法和比率（Td/Tu）法得出计算值,并与实际水通量进行对比。结果表明,该系统测量精度高、运行稳定。两种方法的计算结果与实际值之间线性度良好,4种土样的MDTD法决定系数分别为0.9677、0.9798、0.9780、0.9647,Td/Tu法的决定系数分别为0.9845、0.9985、0.9989、0.9986,说明系统具有较高的测量精度。通过适应性评价得出,4种土样中Td/Tu法计算值与实际值之间的相关性更好,误差更低,计算效果优于MDTD法。     

模拟增温对华北农田土壤碳排放的影响

为研究增温效应下农田温室气体排放的变化和机制,选择华北平原的山东禹城农田生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站当地典型的冬小麦-夏玉米农田为研究对象,设计翻耕增温(CTW)处理和翻耕不增温(CTN)对照开展多年增温试验。2014年10月出苗期至2015年12月冬小麦越冬期持续增温,2016年初至2016年9月增温设备因故障关闭。结果显示,2014—2015年,冬小麦期土壤温度显著增加1.31℃(P<0.05),夏玉米期土壤温度升高0.71℃(P>0.05),而全年土壤体积含水量均值对增温无显著响应,仅越冬期土壤含水量增加明显。两年期内,增温抑制冬小麦季CO2累积排放达20.35%,以3月和5月差异表现最为明显。2014—2016年冬小麦季,CTW、CTN处理的年均CH4累积吸收量分别为1641.2、2185.7 g·hm^-2,增温抑制冬小麦季CH4吸收,但对夏玉米季CH4通量无显著作用。冬小麦季增温降低CTW处理土壤微生物生物量碳值达26.55%,而微生物生物量氮仅个别施肥和灌溉月份对增温响应显著。两年期冬小麦和夏玉米季CTW、CTN地上生物量均值分别为12.19、16.33 mg·hm^-2和16.41、21.18 mg·hm^-2,表明增温降低了地上作物生物量。研究表明,长期增温显著抑制小麦季土壤CO2释放和CH4吸收,但玉米期碳排放和吸收的响应相对较弱。增温条件下,土壤水热条件和生物量依然是限制土壤碳通量的重要因素。     

涡度相关技术实测农田的通量贡献区范围分析

基于涡度相关系统实测的北京地区2013—2014年冬小麦通量数据,采用FSAM和KL模型,分析了不同大气条件、不同风向、不同生育期通量源区范围的分布情况。结果表明,(1)整个小麦生育季,大气层结稳定和不稳定条件下,270°~360°方向风频所占比例最大,分别为42%和37%,为主风方向。(2)不同生育期、不同大气层结的主风向源区存在一定差异,大气层结稳定时,上风方向通量源区范围在16.07~167.05 m之间变化;大气层结不稳定时,上风方向通量源区范围在13.73~153.66 m之间变化。且大气层结稳定时的源区面积均比不稳定层结的大,源区面积随生育期呈先减小后增大的趋势;(3)从解析FSAM模型和拉格朗日KL模型的对比分析看,FSAM和KL模型估算距离观测点的最远距离分别为215.8和291.8 m,不同生育期2种模型估算结果也有差异。     

Leaf tissue fluxes of Pampa biome native grasses submitted to two grazing intervals

Leaf tissue fluxes of five Pampa biome grasses (Andropogon lateralis, Aristida laevis, Axonopus affinis, Paspalum notatum and Paspalum plicatulum) were evaluated in a natural pasture under rotational stocking with heifers in the spring and summer from October 2010 to April 2011. The experimental design was completely randomized, with two grazing intervals, defined by thermal sums of 375 and 750 degree‐days, and the five grass species. The evaluated species had a higher growth flux and balance between the fluxes when subjected to a grazing interval of 750 degree‐days and a higher real efficiency of utilization when subjected to grazing interval of 375 degree‐days. Andropogon lateralis showed the highest growth, intake and senescence fluxes: 3·61, 2·37 and 3·04 kg DM ha^?1 day^?1 respectively. Aristida laevis had the lowest real efficiency of utilization.     

陶瓷膜预处理猪场沼液的工艺参数及效果研究

针对沼液中悬浮物含量高、重金属残留等问题,该研究采用陶瓷膜进行预处理,开展膜过滤工艺参数优化和污染物去除效果的试验。首先证明7种不同孔径陶瓷膜中10～50 nm超滤陶瓷膜通量较高,再选择20 nm膜进行后续沼液温度、膜面流速和浓缩倍数等因素对陶瓷膜通量影响的研究。结果显示：20 nm陶瓷膜通量随温度升高呈指数型增长;较适宜的膜面流速为3.0 m/s,对应的膜通量可达175 L/(m2·h);经济性较高的变频器运行频率范围为40～45 Hz;20 nm陶瓷膜的极限浓缩倍数大于10倍,优于100 nm膜。20 nm陶瓷膜可完全去除沼液中浊度,同时较好的保留溶解性有机质和氮磷钾等无机营养,并对沼液中多种重金属具有良好的阻控效果,综合考虑其生产工艺和使用成本,20 nm陶瓷膜有广阔的实际应用前景。     

Phosphorus release from vivianite and hydroxyapatite by organic and inorganic compounds

Based on recent mining rates and the exhaustion of global phosphorus(P)reserves,there is a need to mobilize P already stored in soils,and its recovery from secondary resources such as Ca-and Fe-phosphates is important.The Ca-phosphate hydroxyapatite forms a good fertilizer source,while vivianite is formed in waterlogged soils and sediments.During sludge treatment,the formation of vivianite has been identified,being mainly Fe-phosphate.Long-term P release from both hydroxyapatite and vivianite was studied using different inorganic(CaCl2 and CaSO4)and organic(citric and humic acid)reagents during batch experiments.Reagents CaCl2 and CaSO4 represent the soil solution,while citric and humic acids as organic constituents affect P availability in the rhizosphere and during the process of humification.Additionally,the flow-through reactor(FTR)technique with an infinite sink was used to study the long-term P release kinetics.The cumulative P release was higher by organic acids than by inorganic compounds.The cumulative P release rates were higher in the FTR with CaCl2 as compared to the batch technique.The infinite sink application caused a continuously high concentration gradient between the solid and liquid phases,leading to higher desorption rates as compared to the batch technique.The predominant amount of the total P released over time was available for a short term.While inorganic anion exchange occurred at easily available binding sites,organic acids affected the more heavily available binding sites,which could be embedded within the mineral structure.The results showed that organic compounds,especially citric acid,play a superior role as compared to the inorganic constituents of the soil solution during the recovery of already stored P from the tertiary phosphates vivianite and hydroxyapatite.     

秸秆还田下施镁对土壤交换镁及春玉米镁素积累和产量的影响

于2017—2019年在吉林省农安县设置大田试验,采用双因素裂区设计,主区为秸秆还田J(12000 kg/hm^2)、秸秆不还田W,副区为施镁M3(施纯镁10 kg/hm^2)、不施镁M0,包含JM3(秸秆+镁肥)、JM0(秸秆+无镁肥)、WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)、WM0(常规)4个处理。结果表明:玉米生育期,土壤交换镁含量逐渐降低,至成熟期,JM3处理土壤交换镁含量比WM3、JM0、WM0分别提高6.59%,8.47%,14.09%。施用镁肥促进玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,秸秆还田配施镁肥进一步增加了玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,WM3处理玉米镁素积累量比WM0平均提高12.30%;JM3处理的镁素积累量比WM3、JM0、WM0处理分别提高9.79%,15.99%,23.28%。春玉米干物质积累量随着生育期的进行逐渐增加,施镁肥能提高干物质积累量与春玉米产量,在成熟期WM3(无秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量分别比WM0(常规)提高5.30%与4.38%,JM3(秸秆+镁肥)的干物质积累量与产量比WM0(常规)分别提高11.50%与5.52%。综上可以得出,施用镁肥可以显著提高土壤交换镁含量,促进春玉米植株对镁素养分的吸收,增加干物质积累量及提高春玉米产量。秸秆还田配施镁肥不但可以提高土壤交换镁含量,保持土壤镁素在整个玉米生育期的持续有效供应,还进一步促进春玉米植株对镁素的吸收,提高了干物质积累量及春玉米产量。     

Providencia rettgeri as the causal agent of the brown slime flux of Populus tomentosa

Brown slime flux seeps slowly out of wounds and flows down the bark of roadside Populus tomentosa in Beijing, China. Two bacterial isolates, SL2‐2 and SL3‐3, obtained from the brown slime flux were identified as Providencia rettgeri based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After inoculation into the bark of roadside P. tomentosa with sterile deionized water as a control, both SL2‐2 and SL3‐3 triggered the seepage of brown slime flux from the wounds; no slime flux arose from the control. In conclusion, P. rettgeri was the pathogenic bacterium causing brown slime flux on P. tomentosa probably by inhibiting wound healing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. rettgeri as a pathogen of plants.     

基于FSAM模型的毛竹林碳通量贡献区研究

利用涡度相关观测系统,连续监测2013年安吉毛竹林生态系统二氧化碳通量及其相关因子的变化,应用FSAM模型,分析不同大气条件、不同风向下通量贡献区的分布及其随时间的变化。结果表明：通量贡献区范围在各风向均随大气稳定程度的增加而增加。在稳定的大气条件下,通量贡献区范围显著大于不稳定大气条件;大气稳定与不稳定条件下各风向源区的水平范围分别为20509~217692 m和7256~70939 m,横向范围分别为80236~88316 m和33792~39284 m;不同时间贡献区大小也有不同。通量贡献区9305%的信息来源于观测塔东南、东北、西北3个方向,比例分别为3745%、2743%与2817%。     

灌溉方式和秸秆还田对设施番茄田CO2排放的影响

中国北方下沉式设施菜田表层土壤缺失,以及高温高湿的环境条件,导致耕层土壤有机质含量低、矿化快。如何减缓土壤有机质矿化,是该文所关注的焦点问题。该研究采用二因素试验设计,主因素为灌溉方式（传统畦灌施肥、滴灌施肥）,副因素为秸秆（含C量为0、3 500 kg/hm2）。测定了48 h内每3 h的CO2排放通量,以及全生育期CO2日排放通量、土壤温度。结果表明：1）08:00−09:00测定的土壤CO2排放通量与CO2日均排放通量不存在显著差异,二者呈极显著线性正相关关系,其决定系数为0.987;而其他时段测定值与日均值均存在显著差异。2）与传统畦灌相比,无论是否添加秸秆,滴灌处理均显著降低了CO2累积排放量。3）CO2排放高峰出现在定植后8～15 d,随后逐渐降低并趋于平稳;定植后40 d内能检测到处理间CO2日排放通量的差异,此后处理间差异不显著。4）CO2累积排放通量和土壤积温呈显著正相关关系。综上所述,滴灌施肥栽培体系可显著降低土壤CO2排放量,有利于设施菜田土壤有机质的积累。