Retention of dissolved organic matter by illitic soils and clay fractions: Influence of mineral phase properties

The dependency of the retention of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on mineral phase properties in soils remains uncertain especially at neutral pH. To specifically elucidate the role of mineral surfaces and pedogenic oxides for DOC retention at pH 7, we sorbed DOC to bulk soil (illitic surface soils of a toposequence) and corresponding clay fraction (< 2 μm) samples after the removal of organic matter and after removal of organic matter and pedogenic oxides. The DOC retention was related to the content of dithionite‐extractable iron, specific surface area (SSA, BET‐N₂ method) and cation exchange capacity (pH 7). The reversibility of DOC sorption was determined by a desorption experiment. All samples sorbed 20–40 % of the DOC added. The DOC sorption of the clay fractions explained the total sorption of the bulk soils. None of the mineral phase properties investigated was able to solely explain the DOC retention. A sorption of 9 to 24 μg DOC m^–2 indicated that DOC interacted only with a fraction of the mineral surface, since loadings above 500 μg m^–2 would be expected for a carbon monolayer. Under the experimental conditions used, the surface of the silicate clay minerals seemed to be more important for the DOC sorption than the surface of the iron oxides. The desorption experiment removed 11 to 31 % of the DOC sorbed. Most of the DOC was strongly sorbed.     

飞来峡水利枢纽水保工程监测内容和方法设计

通过对黄土高原水土保持世行贷款项目实施后土壤养分、pH和阳离子代换量变化的分析，研究了水土保持措施对土壤化学特性的影响。结果表明，坡耕地和荒坡地的土壤养分含量基本不随时间变化，而有措施地块的土壤养分含量随时间推移而递增；有措施较无措施地块的土壤养分含量增加，pH向中性变化；阳离子代换量增加。     

稻田温度与甲烷排放通量关系的研究

稻田温度与CH4 排放通量有密切关系 ,通过灰关联分析发现稻田 5cm深处温度与CH4 排放通量关系最密切 ,水稻抽穗期CH4 排放通量达极大值 ,而完熟期CH4 排放通量达极小值。温度对CH4 排放通量的增效应明显 ,减效应较弱。稻田温度与CH4排放通量的关系呈S型曲线相关关系。     

防虫网对节能日光温室通风性能影响的研究

自然通风是决定日光节能温室质能平衡和调节微生态环境平衡的重要因素。为了提高节能日光温室的环境管理和结构设计水平,有必要研究防虫网对日光温室通风性能的影响,以提高日光温室的绿色产品生产率。因此,运用气体衰减示踪技术和数理统计理论,研究了日光温室不同形式通风机构的通风性能。试验研究表明在通风口处装设防虫网会显著地减少日光温室的通风率,有时可高达50%。研究还表明,无论装设有无防虫网,卷膜通风机构比拉膜(推膜)通风机构都具有较大的通风率,有时前者是后者的1.4倍左右。     

影响湖泊沉积物—水界面磷交换的重要环境因子分析

湖泊沉积物既可充当湖泊水体营养盐的汇也可转变为源,而磷则是富营养化的制约性因子。沉积物-水界面的磷交换过程与沉积物本身的物理化学特征直接相关。本文对沉积物-水界面磷交换动态的内部影响因子及其作用进行了综合分析,并分别论述了沉积物粒级分布、磷的存在形态、电子受体、有机物等对沉积物-水界面磷交换过程的影响与作用。     

河口泥沙通量的研究现状

文章介绍了国内外河口泥沙通量的研究现状及方法,河口泥沙通量的研究方法有:仪器直接测量法、数学模型法、元素跟踪法、地理信息系统研究法及多种研究方法相结合等。由于大多数模型不能对河口泥沙通量的未来的趋势进行预测且精度不够等,笔者提出分析河口泥沙通量的研究方法-内插法研究河口泥沙通量。     

沼泽垦殖前后土壤呼吸与CH_4通量变化

湿地是陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,在碳的储存中起着重要作用。湿地垦殖后,在相同季节根层土壤温度明显高于沼泽湿地土壤,但垦殖后土壤有机碳、氮素含量明显降低,C:N比值减小,土壤呼吸通量增大,且具有季节性变化。垦殖8年的农田土壤,呼吸通量大于垦殖15年的农田土壤,弃耕后土壤有机碳含量及土壤呼吸强度有所增加,土壤呼吸通量与土壤温度呈显著正相关关系。沼泽湿地土壤为大气CH4的重要源,通量季节性变化明显,沼泽垦殖后农田土壤成为CH4的汇,不同垦殖年限土壤间CH4通量差异性不大。     

外源铅在土壤中的形态、分布及其对土壤养分的影响

通过对加入外源铅的砂姜黑土、黄褐土、红壤进行培养处理,测定土壤中各形态铅及水溶态NH^＋,K^＋和速效态磷的含量,研究外源铅在各类土壤中的形态分布特点及对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：交换态和残渣态的铅为红壤〉黄褐土〉砂姜黑土,碳酸盐态铅为砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉红壤,铁锰氧化态铅为红壤〉砂姜黑土〉黄褐土,有机结合态铅为黄褐土〉砂姜黑土〉红壤;交换态和残渣态所占比例随着外源铅的浓度增大而提高,有机结合态的比例随着外源铅浓度增大降低,碳酸盐结合态铅在砂姜黑土、铁锰氧化态铅在红壤上则呈现外源铅小于500mg／kg时比例增高,大于500mg／kg时比例开始下降的状况;加入外源铅的土壤中,水溶态的NH4^＋和K^＋的浓度增大,使其流失的风险性增加;水溶态磷和铅离子生成难溶性磷酸铅盐被固结,使速效磷的浓度减少,降低了水溶性磷肥的功效。     

SiO2纳米颗粒对黄瓜“新唐山秋瓜”幼苗根系 解剖结构和气体交换的影响

硅是地壳内含量第二丰富的元素。近年来,人们开始探索硅的纳米材料在农业领域的运用。为更好地将二氧化硅纳米颗粒应用于园艺植物生产,以黄瓜栽培品种新唐山秋瓜(Cucumissativuscv."QiuguaofNew Tangshan")为材料,采用盆栽的方式研究不同施入量下(0、5、10和20m L)浓度为30%的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜根系解剖结构、根毛形成、黄瓜叶片光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数以及气体交换的影响。结果表明,二氧化硅纳米颗粒对黄瓜的根系解剖结构并没有显著的影响,但对根毛形成的影响较大,在每盆20m L二氧化硅溶液条件下的根毛密度最高。施入不同量的二氧化硅溶液对黄瓜叶片光合色素含量均有提高但并不明显,且在较低施入浓度下,光合作用机制得到一定的提高。黄瓜叶片的净光合速率随着二氧化硅施入量的增加逐渐增加,但施入量对蒸腾速率的影响不明显。综上,二氧化硅纳米颗粒通过促进根毛形成以及提高净光合速率能够提高植物的生长机理,进而促进植物生长和产量的提高,将其运用于农业生产及园艺作物生产上具有广阔前景。     

Towards the sustainable intensification of agriculture—a systems approach to policy formulation

The sustainable intensification of agriculture involves providing sufficient food and other ecosystem services without going beyond the limits of the earth’s system. Here a project management approach is suggested to help guide agricultural policy to deliver these objectives. The first step is to agree measurable outcomes, integrating formal policy goals with the often much less formal and much more diverse goals of individual farmers. The second step is to assess current performance. Ideally, this will involve the use of farm-scale metrics that can feed into process models that address social and environmental domains as well as production issues that can be benchmarked and upscaled to landscape and country. Some policy goals can be delivered by supporting ad hoc interventions, while others require the redesign of the farming system. A pipeline of research, knowledge and capacity building is needed to ensure the continuous increase in farm performance. System models can help prioritise policy interventions. Formal optimization of land use is only appropriate if the policy goals are clear, and the constraints understood. In practice, the best approach may depend on the scale of action that is required, and on the amount of resource and infrastructure available to generate, implement and manage policy.